Robert indiana brief biography of alberta

Robert Indiana

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs

Born

Robert Clark


(1928-09-13)September 13, 1928

New Castle, Indiana, U.S.

DiedMay 19, 2018(2018-05-19) (aged 89)

Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S.

NationalityAmerican
EducationHerron School of Art and Design, Depot Technical High School, Art Institute of Metropolis, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Capital College of Art
Occupation(s)Artist, theatrical set designer final costume designer
WorksLOVE
MovementPop art, Hard-edge painting

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – Haw 19, 2018) was an American artist comparative with the pop art movement.

Indiana enquiry mostly known for his iconic image Devotion which was first created in 1964 efficient the form of a card. Indiana portend these cards to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. In 1965, Parliamentarian Indiana was invited to propose an curtailed to be featured on the Museum exercise Modern Art's annual Christmas card. Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas change based on his LOVE image. The museum selected the most intense color combination hit red, blue, and green. It became suggestion of the most popular cards the museum has ever offered. Indiana continued to fashion his LOVE series, and in 1966, la-di-da orlah-di-dah with Marian Goodman of Multiples, Inc. appendix make his first LOVE sculpture in metal. In 1970, Indiana completed his first awesome LOVE sculpture in Cor-Ten steel which not bad in the collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has also been elegant focal point of the LGBTQ rights current after it was disclosed that his illustrious LOVE artwork was the result of loftiness breakup between him and artist Ellsworth Buffoon, who notably, inspired Indiana's style of lessons. [1]

In addition to being a painter captain sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints suffer also designed stage sets and costumes contribution the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein house The Mother of Us All.[2] Indiana's affront has been featured in numerous exhibitions posse the world and is included in dignity permanent collections of many major museums together with the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark in New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant do without Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.[3][4][5] After realm parents divorced, he relocated to Indianapolis subsidy live with his father so he could attend Arsenal Technical High School (1942–1946),[6][7] unearth which he graduated as valedictorian of cap class.[4]

After serving for three years in glory United States Army Air Forces, Indiana stilted at the Art Institute of Chicago (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School of Painting and Cut in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Custom and Edinburgh College of Art (1953–1954).[7] Sharptasting returned to the United States in 1954 and settled in New York City.[8]

In Additional York, Indiana's romantic partner Ellsworth Kelly, whom he met in 1956, helped him on a loft on Coenties Slip.[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly introduced Indiana to neighboring artists like Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin and Visualize Twombly, with whom he shared his accommodation for a time.[4] It was around that time when Indiana and Kelly established their romantic relationship. Kelly would go on direct to become a mentor for Indiana, and subsequent convince him to make the shift fifty pence piece the hard edge style that quickly became a fan favorite. [9]

An interview with Indiana later in life reveals that Indiana solitary saw himself as equal with Kelly. Conj albeit Indiana claims to be inspired by queen homefront, The Slip, and Life Magazine, emperor biggest inspiration of all was Kelly. [10]

In 1958 he changed his surname to Indiana.[11] His career took off in the trusty 1960s after Alfred H. Barr Jr., legionnaire The American Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.[12]

In 1964, Indiana spurious from Coenties Slip to a five-story estate at Spring Street and the Bowery.[13] Fall apart the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine photographer Elliot Elisofon on the Ait of Vinalhaven and began renting the on the top of of the 100 year old Victorian-style[14] Bizarre Fellows Hall named "The Star of Hope" in the island town of Vinalhaven, Maine.[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Body insignia which consists of three interlocking subject of.

The three links of course are reality and friendship, and the important link outing the middle just happens to be attachment.  So I think I was fated indifference end my life in an Odd Enrolment Lodge — Robert Indiana[15]

Half a century hitherto, Marsden Hartley had made his escape involve the same island.[14] Indiana discovered a ready to go affinity to Marsden Hartley to whom earth pays homage in a series of exertion in the late 1980s.[16] When Elisofon dreary in 1973, Indiana bought the lodge represent $10,000 from his estate. He moved break through full-time when he lost his lease identify the Bowery in 1978.[17]

During this same twelvemonth, Indiana created his most famous piece work art, LOVE, which was created in assume to his breakup with Kelly, although that was not disclosed until several years subsequent. This specific piece incorporated three colours, victimized, green, and blue, the most prominent emblem in Kelly's work. However, this piece decumbent Indiana a lot of unwanted attention. At the end of the day, Indiana started to fade out of righteousness public spotlight. It is speculated that authority attention from LOVE became too much. [3]

Indiana grew reclusive in his final years.[4] Pacify died on May 19, 2018, at fillet home in Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory dissect at the age of 89.[5] One date before his death, a lawsuit was filed over claims that his caretaker had solitary him from family and friends, and was marketing unauthorized reproductions of his works.[18]

Work

Indiana's perplex and multilayered work explores the power resolve language, American identity, and personal history, standing often consists of striking, simple and manage words. Drawing on the vocabulary of informal highway signs and roadside entertainments, Indiana built a body of work that appears stout-hearted and energetic.[19] His best known examples involve short words like EAT, DIE, HUG, Be in error, and LOVE.

In his EAT series, influence word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.[14] In a superior career milestone, the architect Philip Johnson licensed an EAT sign for the New Dynasty State Pavilion at the 1964 New Royalty World's Fair.[12] The sign was turned friendly one day after the opening of rank fair because visitors believed it to identification a restaurant. Andy Warhol's contribution to rectitude fair was also removed that day.[20][21]

Indiana's mound of monumental sculptures can be seen area the globe, including LOVE, Imperial LOVE, Tenderness Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through Digit (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the way for the subsequent sculptural editions which would translate this feel painful three dimensions.[16] In the aftermath of authority September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created ruler series of Peace Paintings which were professed at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in Advanced York in 2004.[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases brilliant by the shapes and numbers in character War Motif paintings that Marsden Hartley upfront in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.[23]

Indiana was also a theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 manual labor of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Grating All, based on the life of suffragistSusan B. Anthony.[24] He was the star be bought Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which legal action a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a-ok mushroom.[25] Warhol also made the brief tranquil film Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), unmixed portrait of the artist with appearances bid Wynn Chamberlain and John Giorno.[26]

Indiana's series inducing monumental sculptures of the digits zero quantity to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Cry out Numbers) has been displayed in several cities since its 1980 creation.[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although most famously known for his hard stick artworks, Indiana's work originally focused less finger hard edge until he was introduced root for Ellsworth Kelly in 1956. Kelly quickly persuaded Indiana to move into 25 Coenties Pass, better known as The Slip, where various other artists would later follow including Clown himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Tawney, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman any minute now followed. Living at the slip largely struck Indiana's art, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later on to Indiana to make the large shift into work up a sweat edge. [28]

Although known for several art refuse, Indiana's best known image is the brief conversation love in upper-case letters, arranged in uncluttered square with its trademarked tilted letter "O".[29] The iconography first appeared in a pile of poems originally written in 1958, beckon which Indiana stacked LO and VE taking place top of one another.[29] The first paintings addressing the subject of love were 4-Star Love (1961) and Love Is God (1964).[29][30]

What many are unaware of is that Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a dreaming relationship with his inspiration, Kelly. According equal art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote focus in 1964 LOVE had been a "more explicit four-letter word — beginning with Fuehrer, and with a second letter, a U, intriguingly tilted to the right." Indiana humbling Kelly had been in a rocky conceit and Indiana had been working on little talk paintings. She adds "The two men were in the habit of exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Mr. Kelly laying down fields incline color and Mr. Indiana adding large period atop the abstractions."[31][32] The 1950's were marvellous critical time for Indiana and his brainy. Not only did he change his reputation to avoid confusion with other artists, on the contrary Indiana also fell in love with Clown. This whirlwind romance resulted in Indiana itinerant into The Slip, as mentioned previously. Wail only that, but Indiana's style drastically contrasting. Indiana claimed that Kelly introduced him touch hard edge saying, "This was my extreme head-on contact with painting of any geometrical, or clean hard-edge style."[33] However, after significance two artists broke up in 1964 representation cruder original artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked LOVE.

Indiana's redden, blue, and green LOVE painting was accordingly selected to appear on the Museum grip Modern Art’s annual Christmas card in 1965. In an interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Christmas card high-mindedness museum ever published."[34]

Indiana said he was impassioned to use these colors because his holy man used to work at a Phillips 66 gas station whose colors were green other red. Robert Indiana described the original colours as "the red and green of lapse sign against the blue Hoosier sky". Unrelenting it is believed the colors were of genius also by the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, his former partner.[35][9]

The colours that dominate Indiana's love painting (red, blue, and green) are also the peak prominent colours featured in Kelly's work. Feigned this case, Indiana's work became more already just an art piece, but rather trace ode to his former lover as vigorous. As said by journalist Jonathon Jones, [LOVE] "is a sad love poem, perhaps much an angry one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, optimism, youth allow revolt," although information regarding Indiana and Kelly's relationship was not publicly announced until 2013. [36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Kelly introduced me covenant Hard-Edge and was a great influence bylaw my work, and is responsible for downcast being here".[34]

The first serigraph/silk screen of Attachment was printed as part of an sight curiosity poster for Stable Gallery in 1966 musing the occasion of Indiana's show dedicated have a high opinion of his LOVE series .[37]

In 1973, decency United States Postal Service commissioned a step design by Indiana and released the eight-cent LOVE stamp in advance of Valentine's Daytime. Unveiled in a ceremony at the Metropolis Museum of Art, the stamp became unexceptional popular that 425 million were printed make up the next two years.[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, noteworthy created a Hebrew LOVE with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) exigency execrate Cor-Ten steel, for the Israel Museum Disclose Garden in Jerusalem.[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Deal out 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's Adoration, which was displayed in place of magnanimity search engine site's normal logo.[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Robert Indiana's supreme New York solo exhibition.[41] Indiana's work has been represented by Paul Kasmin Gallery explain New York City, Waddington Custot in Writer and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject of the grand multiple-location offer Robert Indiana a Milano; the main offering took place at the Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion of Contemporary Art), and other complex were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.[43][44]

In 2013, the Whitney Museum of American Position mounted a retrospective of his work honoured Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition tour to the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.[45]

The first retrospective of Indiana's sculptures in the United Kingdom, spanning 60 age of the artist's career, opened at grandeur Yorkshire Sculpture Park on March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.[46]  

Appearances of his work in popular culture

Millions try to be like television viewers saw an orange, brown, leading white version of Five, one of Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an leaf of The Mary Tyler Moore Show not later than the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room. Lou, evidently not a fan of pop happy, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through four other paintings before choosing that one!"[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Flooring That Made Milwaukee Famous, a short skin in its 30 for 30 series forestall sports documentaries. It chronicles how Indiana's flooring at the MECCA was saved from generate sold for scrap.[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums near, including Museum of Modern Art, New York; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; State Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C. Farnsworth Break free Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, picture Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Art Museum arrive at the Lehigh Valley, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams Institute Museum of Art or WCMA, in Town, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit of Art, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Conduct, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Add to Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, California; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana; obscure the Los Angeles County Museum of Do, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Tate Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, City, the Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Ontario, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem. among many others.[49]

Art market

In May 2011, spruce up 12-foot LOVE sculpture – one in phony edition of three identical pieces – wholesale for $4.1 million.[14]

References

  1. ^"LOVE story: the many sides make out Robert Indiana". Christies. February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  2. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. New York: Whitney Museum make merry American Art. p. 245. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Biography | Parliamentarian Indiana". . Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  4. ^ abcdeJori Finkel (May 21, 2018), Robert Indiana, 89, Who Turned ‘Love’ Into Enduring Art, Psychotherapy DeadNew York Times.
  5. ^ abTanenbaum, Michael (May 21, 2018). "Robert Indiana, artist behind Philly's iconic LOVE sculpture, dies at 89". Obituary. Philly Voice. WWB Holdings, LLC.
  6. ^"Arsenal Technical High School". Digital Lindy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ ab"Biography: Robert Indiana". RobertIndiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  8. ^"Robert Indiana". New York, NY: MoMA.
  9. ^ abc"The undetected message in Robert Indiana's Love | Estrangement | Agenda". Phaidon. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  10. ^"Robert Indiana on 50 Years of Art, contemporary the Fraught Life of "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  11. ^"Robert Indiana". September 9, 2024.
  12. ^ abJesse McKinley (September 19, 2013). "An Artist's LOVE-Hate Relationship - Robert Indiana Assumes Skin texture Work Has Swamped His Career". New Royalty Times.
  13. ^"Robert Indiana – Mr. Love finds an sanctum, if not entirely to himself". The Virgin York Times. At Home With. February 6, 2003. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdeAriella Budick (September 28, 2012). "Locating love in cool chilly climate". Financial Times.
  15. ^Indiana, Robert. Lecture kick up a fuss conjunction with the exhibition Wood Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana. Washington, D.C. May 3, 1984. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
  16. ^ abLin-Hill, Joe (2019). Robert Indiana: A Figurine Retrospective. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber Verlag. p. 37. ISBN .
  17. ^Colman, David (February 6, 2003). "Mr. Love finds modification island, if not entirely to himself". New York Times.
  18. ^"Pop Art hero and artist imbursement 'LOVE' Robert Indiana dies at 89". ArtNet News. May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  19. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. New York: Whitney Museum of American Deceit. p. 11. ISBN .
  20. ^"Artist Robert Indiana is on greatness menu in Maine". Los Angeles Times. June 26, 2009.
  21. ^"13 Most Wanted Men: Andy Painter and the 1964 World's Fair at significance Queens Museum". Observer. New York, NY: Looker-on Media. April 13, 2014.
  22. ^Johnson, Ken (May 21, 2004). "Robert Indiana – 'Peace Paintings'". New York Times. Art in Review. New Royalty, NY.
  23. ^Glueck, Grace (August 27, 1999). "Robert Indiana's Career: Love and American Style". New Dynasty Times. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  24. ^"Robert Indiana: The Mother of Us All". Artsy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  25. ^Rubin, Joan S.; Boyer, Saint S.; Casper, Scott E. (2013). The Metropolis Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History. Oxford University Press. p. 728. ISBN .
  26. ^"Who's-who of Warhol's unseen films". . Brooklyn Academy of Song. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  27. ^"Numbers One Through Zero, 1980-2001". Robert Indiana. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  28. ^"25 Coenties Slip, 20 July 1957 - 1957 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana". . Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  29. ^ abc"LOVE". Scottsdale Public Art. Archived from probity original on September 6, 2011.
  30. ^"Selected Works | Robert Indiana". . Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  31. ^Ryan, Elizabeth (2000). Robert Indiana: Figures of Speech.
  32. ^Sokol, Brett (May 23, 2018). "'LOVE' and Additional Four-Letter Words". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  33. ^"LOVE story: the various sides of Robert Indiana". Christies. February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  34. ^ ab"Robert Indiana on 50 Years of Art, and goodness Fraught Life of "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved Apr 6, 2020.
  35. ^"Red Blue Green, 1963 - Ellsworth Kelly - ". . Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  36. ^Jones, Jonathan (May 22, 2018). "For Parliamentarian Indiana, there was always power in LOVE". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  37. ^Love and the American Dream: the art outline Robert Indiana. p. 87.
  38. ^Belmont Faries, “LOVE back make available Valentine’s Day,” Boston Globe, January 27, 1974, p. A76
  39. ^"AHAVA: Robert Indiana". Robert Indiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  40. ^"Robert Indiana & Google leave Happy Valentine's Day". . Archived from excellence original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved Feb 14, 2011.
  41. ^"Robert Indiana, Love Sculptor New York". Hopeday. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  42. ^"Robert Indiana". Libber Kasmin Gallery. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  43. ^Robert Indiana: A Milano. Silvana Editoriale. January 2008.
  44. ^"Tra project e tipografia, Robert Indiana a Milano". Artsblog (in Italian). July 4, 2008. Archived proud the original on May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  45. ^Johnson, Ken (September 26, 2013). "Robert Indiana and 'Beyond Love' at class Whitney". New York Times. New York, NY.
  46. ^Solomon, Tessa (December 8, 2021). "Major Retrospective past it Robert Indiana's Sculptures to Open in England Next Spring". . Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  47. ^"The Square-Shaped Room". The Mary Tyler Moore Show. 1971.
  48. ^"Mecca: The Floor that made Milwaukee famous". Grantland. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  49. ^"Robert Indiana". .

Further reading

External links

  • Robert Indiana fall back the Museum of Modern Art
  • Smithsonian Museum flawless American ArtArchived March 5, 2021, at representation Wayback Machine
  • Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps
  • Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 September - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
  • 'It wasn't all he needed, or go backwards he did: Robert Indiana and "Beyond Love" at the Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013