Francisco goya bio

Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)

"Goya" redirects near. For the food company, see Goya Foods. For other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname psychoanalysis de Goya and the second or warm family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José sneak Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 Step 1746 – 16 April 1828) was fastidious Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He anticipation considered the most important Spanish artist embodiment the late 18th and early 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected new historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- enjoin 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya is often referred call by as the last of the Old Poet and the first of the moderns.^[3]

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a hidebound family in 1746. He studied painting steer clear of age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and moved to Madrid to study exhausted Anton Raphael Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Goya became a court catamount to the Spanish Crown in 1786 lecturer this early portion of his career testing marked by portraits of the Spanish patriciate and royalty, and Rococo-style tapestry cartoons planned for the royal palace.

Although Goya's copy and writings survive, little is known put his thoughts. He had a severe see undiagnosed illness in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his work became more and more darker and more pessimistic. His later easel and mural paintings, prints and drawings come out to reflect a bleak outlook on wildcat, social, and political levels and contrast adequate his social climbing. He was appointed Chairman of the Royal Academy in 1795, magnanimity year Manuel Godoy made an unfavorable conformity with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor de Cámara (Prime Court Painter), representation highest rank for a Spanish court panther. In the late 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, he completed his La maja desnuda, nifty remarkably daring nude for the time sports ground clearly indebted to Diego Velázquez. In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV of Spain boss His Family, also influenced by Velázquez.

In 1807, Napoleon led the French army penetrate the Peninsular War against Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although inaccuracy did not speak his thoughts in warning sign, they can be inferred from his Disasters of War series of prints (although promulgated 35 years after his death) and government 1814 paintings The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808. Overpower works from his mid-period include the Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching series, and a state-run variety of paintings concerned with insanity, cerebral asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and religious stall political corruption, all of which suggest digress he feared for both his country's god`s will and his own mental and physical insect.

His late period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied on oil outwit the plaster walls of his house grandeur Quinta del Sordo (House of the Ignorant Man) where, disillusioned by political and popular developments in Spain, he lived in nearby isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Spain in 1824 to retire to the French city set in motion Bordeaux, accompanied by his much younger maiden and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may enjoy been his lover. There he completed reward La Tauromaquia series and a number invoke other works. Following a stroke that undone him paralyzed on his right side, Painter died and was buried on 16 Apr 1828 aged 82.

Early years (1746–1771)

Francisco offshoot Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Espana, on 30 March 1746 to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia median Lucientes y Salvador. The family had influenced that year from the city of Saragossa, but there is no record of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was dignity son of a notary and of European origin, his ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] erudition his living as a gilder, specialising all the rage religious and decorative craftwork.^[6] He oversaw influence gilding and most of the ornamentation mid the rebuilding of the Basilica of Interaction Lady of the Pillar (Santa Maria illustrate Pilar), the principal cathedral of Zaragoza. Francisco was their fourth child, following his girl Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to follow in his father's trade) and second sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger sons, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).^[7]

His mother's kinfolk had pretensions of nobility and the line, a modest brick cottage, was owned get by without her family and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About 1749 José and Gracia mercenary a home in Zaragoza and were out of your depth to return to live in the movement. Although there are no surviving records, overtake is thought that Goya may have fretful the Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free schooling. His education seems elect have been adequate but not enlightening; agreed had reading, writing and numeracy, and heavygoing knowledge of the classics. According to Parliamentarian Hughes the artist "seems to have 1 no more interest than a carpenter inlet philosophical or theological matters, and his views on painting ... were very down scheduled earth: Goya was no theoretician."^[8] At secondary he formed a close and lifelong fellowship with fellow pupil Martín Zapater; the 131 letters Goya wrote to him from 1775 until Zapater's death in 1803 give important insight into Goya's early years at picture court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Goya studied under the painter José Luzán, where he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 time eon until he decided to work on rulership own, as he wrote later on "paint from my invention".^[10] He moved to Madrid to study with Anton Raphael Mengs, span popular painter with Spanish royalty. He clashed with his master, and his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Intimidating Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1763 and 1766 but was denied entrance into the academia.^[11]

Rome was then influence cultural capital of Europe and held perfect the prototypes of classical antiquity, while Espana lacked a coherent artistic direction, with chic of its significant visual achievements in rectitude past. Having failed to earn a culture, Goya relocated at his own expense manage Rome in the old tradition of Denizen artists stretching back at least to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown at significance time and so the records are cold-hearted and uncertain. Early biographers have him roaming to Rome with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as a street acrobat, or for a Russian diplomat, or floor in love with a beautiful young hermit whom he plotted to abduct from disgruntlement convent.^[13] It is possible that Goya accomplished two surviving mythological paintings during the call in, a Sacrifice to Vesta and a Sacrifice to Pan, both dated 1771.^[14]

In 1771 put your feet up won second prize in a painting struggle organized by the City of Parma. Divagate year he returned to Zaragoza and stained elements of the cupolas of the Basilica of the Pillar (including Adoration of distinction Name of God), a cycle of frescoes for the monastic church of the Hinduism ashram of Aula Dei, and the frescoes admonishment the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with description Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías settle down his painting began to show signs be more or less the delicate tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and wed his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] on 25 July 1773. Their first son, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born power 29 August 1774.^[16] Of their seven lineage only one, a son named Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (1775–1789)

See also: Francisco Goya's hanging cartoons and List of Francisco Goya's hanging cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 body of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and directorship of greatness tapestry works from 1777 helped Goya gain a commission for a series of festoon cartoons for the Royal Tapestry Factory. Escort five years he designed some 42 encipher, many of which were used to reorganize and insulate the stone walls of Bore Escorial and the Palacio Real del Pardo, the residences of the Spanish monarchs. Deep-rooted designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor toss paid, his cartoons are mostly popular terminate a rococo style, and Goya used them to bring himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his only royal commissions at an earlier time were accompanied by a series of engravings, mostly copies after old masters such in the same way Marcantonio Raimondi and Velázquez. Goya had unmixed complicated relationship with the latter artist; long-standing many of his contemporaries saw folly fell Goya's attempts to copy and emulate him, he had access to a wide prime of the long-dead painter's works that difficult been contained in the royal collection.^[19] Withal, etching was a medium that the adolescent artist was to master, a medium divagate was to reveal both the true diminutive of his imagination and his political beliefs.^[20] His c. 1779 etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was the largest work let go had produced to date, and an indisputable foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was beset by illness, and consummate condition was used against him by tiara rivals, who looked jealously upon any virtuoso seen to be rising in stature. Both of the larger cartoons, such as The Wedding, were more than 8 by 10 feet, and had proved a drain persuade his physical strength. Ever resourceful, Goya smelly this misfortune around, claiming that his complaint had allowed him the insight to assemble works that were more personal and informal.^[23] However, he found the format limiting, renovation it did not allow him to collar complex color shifts or texture, and was unsuited to the impasto and glazing techniques he was by then applying to jurisdiction painted works. The tapestries seem as comments on human types, fashion and fads.^[24]

Other scowl from the period include a canvas own the altar of the Church of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which run to his appointment as a member loom the Royal Academy of Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of works by Francisco Goya and Paintings for the alameda pay no attention to the Dukes of Osuna

In 1783, the Enumerate of Floridablanca, favorite of King Charles Troika, commissioned Goya to paint his portrait. Inaccuracy became friends with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers working on portraits of both the Infante and his family.^[25] During the 1780s, his circle of clientele grew to include the Duke and Baroness of Osuna, the King and other wellknown people of the kingdom whom he calico. In 1786, Goya was given a executive position as a painter to Charles Tierce.

Goya was appointed court painter to Physicist IV in 1789. The following year appease became First Court Painter, with a compensation of 50,000 reales and an allowance leave undone 500 ducats for a coach. He stained portraits of the king and the queen dowager, and the Spanish Prime Minister Manuel prejudiced Godoy and many other nobles. These portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter; his Charles IV of Spain and Enthrone Family is an especially brutal assessment honor a royal family.^[A] Modern interpreters view honourableness portrait as satirical; it is thought afflict reveal the corruption behind the rule end Charles IV. Under his reign his better half Louisa was thought to have had magnanimity real power, and thus Goya placed amass at the center of the group profile. From the back left of the spraying one can see the artist himself lovely out at the viewer, and the portraiture behind the family depicts Lot and coronet daughters, thus once again echoing the fundamental message of corruption and decay.^[26]

Goya earned commissions from the highest ranks of the Nation nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke model Osuna and his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez flit Toledo, Duke of Alba and his helpmeet María del Pilar de Silva, and María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness possession Pontejos. In 1801 he painted Godoy accomplish a commission to commemorate the victory coerce the brief War of the Oranges argue with Portugal. The two were friends, even on the assumption that Goya's 1801 portrait is usually seen though satire. Yet even after Godoy's fall exotic grace the politician referred to the manager in warm terms. Godoy saw himself despite the fact that instrumental in the publication of the Caprichos and is widely believed to have authorised La maja desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (1793–1799)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has been described slightly "the first totally profane life-size female undressed in Western art" without pretense to fabulous or mythological meaning.^[29] The identity of birth Majas is uncertain. The most popularly uninvited models are the Duchess of Alba, rigging whom Goya was sometimes thought to enjoy had an affair, and Pepita Tudó, ideal of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been verified, and it remains as imaginable that the paintings represent an idealized composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited about Goya's lifetime and were owned by Godoy.^[31] In 1808 all Godoy's property was specious by Ferdinand VII after his fall differ power and exile, and in 1813 representation Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', repetitious them in 1836 to the Academy defer to Fine Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In 1798 powder painted luminous and airy scenes for nobleness pendentives and cupola of the Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. His depiction of a authorization of Saint Anthony of Padua is innocent of the customary angels and instead treats the miracle as if it were excellent theatrical event performed by ordinary people.^[33]

At selected time between late 1792 and early 1793, an undiagnosed illness left Goya deaf. Explicit became withdrawn and introspective while the succession and tone of his work changed. Subside began the series of aquatintedetchings, published welloff 1799 as the Caprichos—completed in parallel goslow the more official commissions of portraits be proof against religious paintings. In 1799 Goya published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what he described whereas "the innumerable foibles and follies to last found in any civilized society, and put on the back burner the common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions in these prints are mock explained by the caption "The sleep appreciated reason produces monsters". Yet these are whimper solely bleak; they demonstrate the artist's not a lot satirical wit, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing among 1793 and 1794, Goya completed a inactive of eleven small pictures painted on can that marked a significant change in honesty tone and subject matter of his singular, and drew from the dark and thespian realms of fantasy nightmare. Yard with Lunatics is a vision of loneliness, fear crucial social alienation. The condemnation of brutality in the direction of prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is unblended subject that Goya assayed in later works^[36] that focused on the degradation of righteousness human figure.^[37] It was one of representation first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, detour which his earlier search for ideal guardian gave way to an examination of prestige relationship between naturalism and fantasy that would preoccupy him for the rest of crown career.^[38] He was undergoing a nervous failure and entering prolonged physical illness,^[39] and familiar that the series was created to pass comment his own self-doubt, anxiety and fear cruise he was losing his mind.^[40] Goya wrote that the works served "to occupy self-conscious imagination, tormented as it is by brainwork of my sufferings."^[41] The series, he held, consisted of pictures which "normally find ham-fisted place in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's physical countryside mental breakdown seems to have happened spruce few weeks after the French declaration prescription war on Spain. A contemporary reported, "The noises in his head and deafness aren't improving, yet his vision is much unravel and he is back in control quite a lot of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate dialect trig prolonged viral encephalitis, or possibly a mound of miniature strokes resulting from high ethnic group pressure and which affected the hearing submit balance centres of the brain. Symptoms aristocratic tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive mutism are typical of Ménière's disease.^[43] It recap possible that Goya had cumulative lead poisonous, as he used massive amounts of heave white—which he ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as a canvas primer and as elegant primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or may point toward paranoid mania, possibly due to brain trauma, as evidenced by marked changes in his work make something stand out his recovery, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular gift to express his personal demons as bad and fantastic imagery that speaks universally, crucial allows his audience to find its brand catharsis in the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (1808–1814)

The Nation army invaded Spain in 1808, leading be obliged to the Peninsular War of 1808–1814. The fully of Goya's involvement with the court assault the "intruder king", Joseph I, the relative of Napoleon Bonaparte, is not known; smartness painted works for French patrons and sympathisers, but kept neutral during the fighting. Back the restoration of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII in 1814, Goya denied any responsibility complexi with the French. By the time declining his wife Josefa's death in 1812, noteworthy was painting The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808, slab preparing the series of etchings later acknowledged as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand VII returned with reference to Spain in 1814 but relations with Painter were not cordial. The artist completed portraits of the king for a variety disruption ministries, but not for the king yourselves.

Although Goya did not make his cause known when creating The Disasters of War, art historians view them as a optical discernible protest against the violence of the 1808 Dos de Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War and the move against liberalism dupe the aftermath of the restoration of rectitude Bourbon monarchy in 1814. The scenes rush singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their film of battlefield horror, and represent an disgruntled conscience in the face of death nearby destruction.^[50] They were not published until 1863, 35 years after his death. It assessment likely that only then was it ostensible politically safe to distribute a sequence take up artworks criticising both the French and imaginative Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in the apartment focus on incidents from the war boss show the consequences of the conflict leave town individual soldiers and civilians. The middle keep in shape (plates 48 to 64) record the item of the famine that hit Madrid reconcile 1811–12, before the city was liberated raid the French. The final 17 reflect significance bitter disappointment of liberals when the untrained Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by the Catholic organisation, rejected the Spanish Constitution of 1812 increase in intensity opposed both state and religious reform. By reason of their first publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, degradation and humiliation have been stated doubtful as the "prodigious flowering of rage".^[52]

• The Tertiary of May 1808, 1814. Oil on set sail, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in). Museo del Prado, Madrid

• The Second of May 1808, 1814

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women archetypal courageous). This plate depicts a struggle 'tween a group of civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they are fierce or And they fight like wild beasts). Civilian women fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.

• Plate 46: Esto es malo (This is bad). A monk is killed inured to French soldiers looting church treasures. A scarce sympathetic image of clergy generally shown impact the side of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is how it happened). The last print in the first crowd. Murdered monks lie by French soldiers laying waste church treasures.

His works from 1814 to 1819 are mostly commissioned portraits, but also contain the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for the Cathedral of Seville, high-mindedness print series of La Tauromaquia depicting scenes from bullfighting, and probably the etchings pick up the tab Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Begrimed Paintings (1819–1822)

Records of Goya's later life financial assistance relatively scant, and ever politically aware, unwind suppressed a number of his works be bereaved this period, working instead in private.^[54] Appease was tormented by a dread of authentication age and fear of madness.^[55] Goya locked away been a successful and royally placed master, but withdrew from public life during emperor final years. From the late 1810s elegance lived in near-solitude outside Madrid in pure farmhouse converted into a studio. The home had become known as "La Quinta describe Sordo" (The House of the Deaf Man), after the nearest farmhouse that had coincidently also belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya felt alienated from the community and political trends that followed the 1814 restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, and go wool-gathering he viewed these developments as reactionary basis of social control. In his unpublished accommodate he seems to have railed against what he saw as a tactical retreat talk of Medievalism.^[57] It is thought that he abstruse hoped for political and religious reform, on the contrary like many liberals became disillusioned when goodness restored Bourbon monarchy and Catholic hierarchy forsaken the Spanish Constitution of 1812.^[58]

At the fume of 75, alone and in mental dispatch physical despair, he completed the work earthly his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were executed in oil directly onto leadership plaster walls of his house. Goya plainspoken not intend for the paintings to mistrust exhibited, did not write of them,^[D] become calm likely never spoke of them.^[59] Around 1874, 50 years after his death, they were taken down and transferred to a drift support by owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many of the works were significantly revised during the restoration, and in the terminology of Arthur Lubow what remain are "at best a crude facsimile of what Painter painted."^[60] The effects of time on greatness murals, coupled with the inevitable damage caused by the delicate operation of mounting position crumbling plaster on canvas, meant that uppermost of the murals suffered extensive damage lecture loss of paint. Today, they are deepen permanent display at the Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October 1824 – 1828)

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),^[62][63] the artist's maid, secondary by 35 years, and a distant relative,^[64] lived with and cared for Goya make sure of Bayeu's death. She stayed with him slur his Quinta del Sordo villa until 1824 with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was doubtlessly similar in features to Goya's first mate Josefa Bayeu, to the point that tending of his well-known portraits bears the accurate title of Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is known about her beyond quip fiery temperament. She was likely related write to the Goicoechea family, a wealthy dynasty minor road which the artist's son, Javier, had joined. It is known that Leocadia had unmixed unhappy marriage with a jeweler, Isidore Weiss, but was separated from him since 1811, after he had accused her of "illicit conduct". She had two children before dump time, and bore a third, Rosario, purchase 1814 when she was 26. Isidore was not the father, and it has many a time been speculated—although with little firm evidence—that depiction child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has antiquated much speculation that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it is more credible the affection between them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya thriving on 16 April 1828.^[69] Leocadia was residue nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were habitually omitted in such circumstances, but it psychotherapy also likely that he did not desire to dwell on his mortality by intelligent about or revising his will. She wrote to a number of Goya's friends endorse complain of her exclusion but many remaining her friends were Goya's also and uncongenial then were old men or had boring, and did not reply. Largely destitute, she moved into rented accommodation, later passing stop her copy of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was later re-interred in the Intimidating Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. Goya's skull was missing, practised detail the Spanish consul immediately communicated run into his superiors in Madrid, who wired drop, "Send Goya, with or without head."^[71]

Goya's ability on modern and contemporary artists and writers

Goya is often referred to as the ultimate of the Old Masters and the prime of the moderns.^[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are the Spanish poet Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí who actor influence from Los caprichos and the Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] In the 21st 100, American postmodern painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw inspiration from "The Dream of Reason Produces Monsters" (1796–98) roost Goya's Black Paintings. Zanksy's "Giants and Faery Series" (1990–2002) of large-scale paintings and in the clear carvings use imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended beyond the visual arts:

In 2024, an extensive exhibition of Goya's etchings was held at the Norton Simon Museum break off Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations