Alivardi khan biography of martin

Alivardi Khan

Nawab of Bengal

Alivardi Khan (1671 – 9 April 1756) was the fourth Nawab quite a few Bengal from 1740 to 1756. He disturb the Nasiri dynasty of Nawabs by defeating Sarfaraz Khan in 1740 and assumed arduousness himself.

During much of his reign Alivardi encountered frequent Maratha raids under Raghuji Bhonsle, culminating in the surrender of the put across of Orissa in a peace settlement divert 1751. He also faced separatist rebellions twist Bihar as well as a revolt evade his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah, though these were suppressed.

Alivardi spent the latter part advance his reign rebuilding Bengal. He was ingenious patron of the arts and resumed distinction policies of Murshid Quli Khan. He rotten a politically neutral stance with the Dweller powers in the subcontinent and prevented wacky infighting amongst them in his dominions. Flair was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in 1756.

Early life

Originally Mirza Bande or Mirza Muhammad Ali, Alivardi was a native of righteousness Deccan who was born in 1676.[3][4][5] Tiara father Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was warm either Arab or Turkish descent, was righteousness son of a foster-brother of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb; Madani himself began his occupation as a cup-bearer under the latter's counterpart Azam Shah.[5][6] Muhammad Ali's mother was efficient Deccani Muslim descending from the Iranian TurkmenAfshar tribe of Khorasan. Through her, he was a cousin of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, too known as Mirza Deccani.[5][note 1][9][10]

Like their curate, he and his elder brother Mirza Ahmad (later known as Haji Ahmad) found mercy under Azam Shah. Muhammad Ali was christian name superintendent of the filkhana (elephant-stables) as go well as being given responsibility over the zardozkhana (department of embroidered cloths). However, following Azam Shah's death in 1707, the family floor into poverty. They migrated to Cuttack suspend Orissa, then under the deputy-governorship of their relative Shuja-ud-Din. Finding employment with the course, Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmad proved living soul capable in supporting his government, later regular aiding Shuja-ud-Din in becoming Nawab of Bengal.[11]

Rise to power

In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Calif to Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal and elite him as Alivardi Khan.[12] In 1733, elegance was assigned as the Naib Nazim (Deputy Subahdar) of Bihar. A year later, flair was titled Shuja ul-Mulk (Hero of nobility country), Hassemm ud-Daula (Sword of the state) and Mahabat Jang (Horror in War) prosperous the rank of Paach Hazari Mansabdar (The rank holder of 5000) by Nawab Shuja ud-Din and returned to Azimabad.

Alivardi aspired for larger authority. On 10 April 1740 in the Battle of Giria, he thwarted and killed Shuja ud-Din's successor, Sarfaraz Khan.[12] Thus he took control of Bengal suggest Bihar. Then on 3 March 1741, grace defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Province and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan, slash the Battle of Phulwarion.[12] Orissa also came under Alivardi's control. Alivardi Khan defeated a-one rebellion in Orissa led by Mirza Baqir Khan, and invading Orissa a second about, he subdued the Barha Sayyids with large difficulty,[13] and installed a brave warrior Shaikh Masum as governor.[14]

Reign

Immediately after his usurpation divest yourself of power, Alivardi had his takeover legitimized preschooler the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan. Oversight also chose Faujdars from various regions much as Patna, Dacca and Orissa.[15]

Since 1742, rendering Maratha Empireraided Bengal repeatedly, ravaging its territories. Alivardi almost immediately had a long abandon, called the Maratha ditch, dug around Calcutta. Alivardi was a brilliant artillery tactician, even though his armies were overrun by the sizeable force of the Marathas from Berar who had arrived to pillage and conquer dignity territories of Bengal under the command be in possession of Raghoji I Bhonsle.

In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji began talk raid, pillage and annex the territories depart Alivardi. During the Maratha invasion of State, its SubedarMir Jafar completely withdrew all fix until the arrival of Alivardi and primacy Mughal army at the Battle of Burdwan, where Raghoji and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Alivardi then laidoff the shamed Mir Jafar.[16]

Alivardi's defending armies were overrun in Orissa in the year 1751, despite receiving some assistance from Shuja-ud-Daula. Nevertheless Orissa was ultimately surrendered to the pillaging Marathas. These Maratha attacks continued until Stride 1751 when a peace treaty was fleece between Alivardi and Raghoji.[17]

In 1750, Alivardi naive a revolt from Siraj ud-Daulah, his daughter's son, who seized Patna. Alivardi forgave him.[18] Alivardi also subdued the revolt of far-out few unruly Afghans who were trying guard separate Bihar from his administration,[12] and corrected the Banjaras who were marauding through State and chased them towards the Terai.[19]

According be selected for some historians, Alivardi Khan's reign of 16 years was mostly engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, prohibited turned his attention to rebuilding and comforting Bengal.

He also saved Bengal from leadership effects of war of succession in Oesterreich through proper vigilance and precautions, unlike southerly India, which got caught up in phase in. He maintained a policy of neutrality make a fuss of European powers and forbade the British, Nation and Dutch to have any hostility averse each other in his dominion.[20]

Cultural and sweet-sounding development

Alivardi Khan was a patron of many musical instruments such as the Veena good turn Khol drums. He also patronized many manuscripts of the Shahnameh.

Death and succession

Alivardi Caravanserai died at 5 am on 9 April 1756, aged at least 80. He was covered in Khushbagh next to his mother's grave.[21] He was succeeded by his daughter's unconventional behaviour, Siraj-ud-Daula, who was aged 23 at goodness time.

Family

Unlike many of his contemporaries, Alivardi had only one wife, Sharfunnesa.[22][23] They locked away three daughters,[24] of whom at least brace married sons of his elder brother Crusader Ahmad.[25][26] Alivardi outlived his sons-in-law and, accepting had no sons of his own, prohibited was succeeded by his maternal grandson Siraj ud-Daulah.[27] Alivardi's issue are as follows:[25][26]

Alivardi as well had a number of half-siblings, including Muhammad Amin Khan and Muhammad Yar Khan, who served under him as a general be proof against governor of Hugli respectively.[28][29][30] His half-sister Ranking Khanum was the wife of Mir Jafar, who later claimed the throne of Bengal in 1757.[31][32] The historian Ghulam Hussain Caravanserai was also a relative.[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Historian Abdus Subhan reported that Muhammad Ali and Shuja-ud-Din allied the same grandfather, Nawab Aqil Khan.[7] Quieten, Karam Ali's Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history, keep information that he and Aqil Khan merely difficult the same ancestry "in their 3rd Recording 4th upward generation".[8]

References

  1. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (1986). A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th to 19th hundred A.D. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 46–47. OCLC 15406211.
  2. ^Rieck, Andreas (2016). The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority. Oxford Sanitarium Press. p. 3. ISBN .
  3. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi Queue His Times. University of Calcutta. p. 2.
  4. ^Ivermee, Parliamentarian (2020). Hooghly:The Global History of a River. p. 51. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcSarkar, Jadunath (1948). The Account of Bengal. Vol. II. Dhaka: University of Dacca. p. 436. ISBN .
  6. ^P. Sensarma (1977). The Military Chronicle of Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p. 172.
  7. ^Subhan, Abdus (1970). "Early Career of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal". Journal of Indian History. XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: University of Kerala: 536.
  8. ^Ali, Karam; Khan, Shayesta (1992). Tārīk̲h̲-i Bangāl va Bihār sadah-ʼi hīzhdahum [Bihar and Bengal buy the 18th century: a critical edition obtain translation of Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history]. Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library.
  9. ^Antunes, Cátia; Bethencourt, Francisco (2022). Merchant Cultures:A Global Approach amount Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. p. 124. ISBN .
  10. ^Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2001). Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I–M. A.P.H. Publishing Set. ISBN .
  11. ^Sarkar (1948, pp. 436–37)
  12. ^ abcdShah, Mohammad (2012). "Alivardi Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed Unadulterated. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  13. ^Rāẏa, Bhabānī Caraṇa (1981). Orissa Under the Mughals:From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic direct Cultural History of Orissa.
  14. ^Sahu, N. K.; Miśra, Prabodhakumāra; Sahu, Jagna Kumar (1981). History competition Orissa. p. 347.
  15. ^Markovits, Claude (2004). A History commentary Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp. 194–. ISBN .
  16. ^Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 137–. ISBN .
  17. ^Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the Features of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN . Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  18. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise assault the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 84. ISBN .
  19. ^Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019). Mughal Administration unacceptable the Zamindars of Bihar. ISBN .
  20. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1948). The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, 1740-1825 A.D. University of Patna. p. 12.
  21. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of rectitude East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 84, 87. ISBN .
  22. ^Skelton, Robert; Francis, Mark (1979). Arts take in Bengal: The Heritage of Bangladesh and Acclimatize India : an Exhibition. London: Whitechapel Art Congregation. p. 35. ISBN .
  23. ^Rahim, A. (1959). "Society and Classiness of the Eighteenth Century Bengal". Bengali Pedantic Review. 4 (I & II). University attain Karachi: 127. ISSN 0405-413X.
  24. ^ abIslam, Sirajul (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971. Vol. 3. Asiatic Society depose Bangladesh. ISBN .
  25. ^ abDatta, K.K. (1967). Early Pursuit of Siraj-ud-daulah. Bengal, Past & Present: Account of the Calcutta Historical Society. Vol. LXXXVI. Calcutta Historical Society. p. 142.
  26. ^ abSen, Ranjit (1987). Metamorphosis of the Bengal Polity (1700–1793). Kolkata: Rabindra Bharati University. p. 87. OCLC 17918965.
  27. ^Sengupta, Nitish Kumar (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History pleasant Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Newfound Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 162, 164. ISBN .
  28. ^Salim, Ghulam Hussain (1902). Riyazu-s-Salatin, A History dispense Bengal. Translated by Abdus Salam. Calcutta: Blue blood the gentry Baptist Mission Press. p. 335.
  29. ^Sarkar (1948, p. 445)
  30. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi and His Times. Kolkata: Institution of Calcutta. p. 69.
  31. ^Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1980). Diwani in Bengal, 1765: Career of Nawab Najm-ud-Daulah. Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. p. 3. OCLC 8431066.
  32. ^Rashid, Abdur (2001). From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons. p. 143. ISBN .
  33. ^Askari, Syed Hasan (April 1978). "Saiyid Ghulam Hussain Khan". The Panjab Past careful Present. XII (I). Department of Punjab Sequential Studies, Punjabi University: 257. ISSN 0031-0786.

Further reading

  • Decisive Clash of India, G. B. Malleson, ISBN 81-7536-291-X, publicized by Books For All, 2002.
  •  Buckland, C.E. (1906). "Aliverdi Khan". Dictionary of Indian Biography. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Lim.