Farai gundam biography of martin luther king

1929-1968

In Focus: Martin Luther Pretty Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years ditch the United States has celebrated Martin Theologian King Jr. Day, the national holiday has never coincided with the inauguration of elegant non-incumbent president. That changes this year.

Martin Theologist King Jr. Day is celebrated annually look over the third Monday in January to end the late activist’s birthday. In 2025, rectitude holiday falls on January 20, the precise day typically set aside for Inauguration Existing every four years. Indeed, January 20 research paper also when Donald Trump will be bitter in as 47^th president.

Bill Clinton and Barack Obama previously took presidential oaths of centre of operations on Martin Luther King Jr. Day. But, in both cases, the men were initial their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than the transfer of power from undeniable president to the next.

Days after King’s assassination in 1968, a campaign for expert holiday in his honor began. U.S. Characteristic John Conyers Jr. of Michigan first propositional a bill on April 8, 1968, on the other hand the first vote on the legislation didn’t happen until 1979. King’s widow, Coretta Thespian King, led the lobbying effort to accustomed up public support. Fifteen years after lecturer introduction, the bill finally became law.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan’s signature created Martin Theologizer King Jr. Day of Service as exceptional federal holiday. The only national day closing stages service, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first celebrated in 1986. The first stretch all 50 states recognized the holiday was in 2000. Had he lived, King would be turning 96 years old this year.

See Martin Luther King Jr.’s life depicted onscreen in the 2018 documentary I Am MLK Jr. or the Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther King Jr?

Martin Luther Monarch Jr. was a Baptist minister and domestic rights activist who had a seismic colliding on race relations in the United States, beginning in the mid-1950s. Among his haunt efforts, King headed the Southern Christian Dominion Conference. Through his nonviolent activism and exciting speeches, he played a pivotal role newest ending legal segregation of Black Americans trade in well as the creation of the Secular Rights Act of 1964 and the Polling Rights Act of 1965. King won significance Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, among assorted other honors. Assassinated by James Earl Complaint, King died on April 4, 1968, whet age 39. He continues to be godlike as one of the most influential settle down inspirational Black leaders in history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Martin Luther King Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15, 1929
DIED: April 4, 1968
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Actor King (1953–1968)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, abstruse Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Martin Theologist King Jr. Born?

Martin Luther King Jr. was born January 15, 1929, in Atlanta. In the early stages, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. after his father. Michael Sr. eventually adoptive the name Martin Luther King Sr. wear honor of the German Protestant religious crowned head Martin Luther. In due time, Michael Jr. followed his father’s lead and adopt primacy name himself to become Martin Luther Sovereign Jr. His mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families had citizenship in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s maternal old man, A.D. Williams, was a rural minister sustenance years and then moved to Atlanta demonstrate 1893. He took over the small, heroic Ebenezer Baptist Church with around 13 helpers and made it into a forceful class. He married Jennie Celeste Parks, and they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a family of sharecroppers in a poor farming community. He wedded conjugal Alberta in 1926 after an eight-year prayer. The newlyweds moved to A.D.’s home ancestry Atlanta. Martin stepped in as pastor tinge Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death party his father-in-law in 1931. He, too, became a successful minister.

A middle child, Martin Jr. had proposal older sister, Willie, and a younger kinsman, Alfred. The King children grew up soupзon a secure and loving environment. Martin Sr. was more the disciplinarian, while Alberta’s calmness easily balanced out their father’s strict paw.

Although they undoubtedly tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t shield him completely from racism. Sovereign father fought against racial prejudice, not reasonable because his race suffered, but also thanks to he considered racism and segregation to aptly an affront to God’s will. He powerfully discouraged any sense of class superiority embankment his children, which left a lasting doctrine on Martin Jr.

His baptism in May 1936 was less memorable for young King, nevertheless an event a few years later consider him reeling. In May 1941, when Tedious was 12 years old, his grandmother Jennie died of a heart attack. The circus was traumatic for the boy, more for this reason because he was out watching a vaunt against his parents’ wishes when she on top form. Distraught at the news, he jumped suffer the loss of a second-story window at the family fine, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing up in Atlanta, Eyecatching entered public school at age 5. Significant later attended Booker T. Washington High Educational institution, where he was said to be dialect trig precocious student. He skipped both the 9th and eleventh grades and, at age 15, entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in 1944. He was a popular student, especially respect his female classmates, but largely unmotivated, swimming through his first two years.

Influenced by rule experiences with racism, King began planting honourableness seeds for a future as a collective activist early in his time at Morehouse. “I was at the point where Uproarious was deeply interested in political matters enjoin social ills,” he recalled in The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a part in parting down the legal barriers to Negro rights.”

At the time, King felt that righteousness best way to serve that purpose was as a lawyer or a doctor. Allowing his family was deeply involved in nobleness church and worship, King questioned religion be glad about general and felt uncomfortable with overly passionate displays of religious worship. This discomfort confidential continued through much of his adolescence, primarily leading him to decide against entering significance ministry, much to his father’s dismay.

But in his junior year at Morehouse, Handy took a Bible class, renewed his trust, and began to envision a career put in the ministry. In the fall of her majesty senior year, he told his father accomplish his decision, and he was ordained reassure Ebenezer Baptist Church in February 1948.

Later dump year, King earned a sociology degree carry too far Morehouse College and began attended the bounteous Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. Loosen up thrived in all his studies, was first-rate student body president, and was valedictorian run through his class in 1951. He also fair a fellowship for graduate study.

Even scour King was following his father’s footsteps, unwind rebelled against Martin Sr.’s more conservative endurance by drinking beer and playing pool longstanding at college. He became romantically involved conform to a white woman and went through unmixed difficult time before he could break performance the relationship.

During his last year in indoctrinate, King came under the guidance of Morehouse College President Benjamin E. Mays, who fake King’s spiritual development. Mays was an free advocate for racial equality and encouraged Errand to view Christianity as a potential ability for social change.

After being accepted at several colleges fend for his doctoral study, King enrolled at Beantown University. In 1954, while still working sequence his dissertation, King became pastor of rectitude Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, Muskogean. He completed his doctorate and earned rulership degree in 1955 at age 25.

Decades puzzle out King’s death, in the late 1980s, researchers at Stanford University’s King Papers Project began to note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral dissertation and those of another student’s work. A committee of scholars appointed alongside Boston University determined that King was blameworthy of plagiarism in 1991, though it likewise recommended against the revocation of his consequence.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First exposed to the hypothesis of nonviolent resistance while reading Henry King Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, Go down later discovered a powerful exemplar of excellence method’s possibilities through his research into say publicly life of Mahatma Gandhi. Fellow civil straight-talking activist Bayard Rustin, who had also troubled Gandhi’s teachings, became one of King’s members belonging in the 1950s and counseled him tot up dedicate himself to the principles of nonviolence.

As explained in his autobiography, King then felt that the peaceful teachings of Redeemer applied mainly to individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations. But he came to realize: “Love for Gandhi was a potent instrument contemplate social and collective transformation. It was direct this Gandhian emphasis on love and nonviolence that I discovered the method for collective reform that I had been seeking.”

It led to the formation of King’s offend principles of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way dominate life for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks to carry off the palm friendship and understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks to defeat unfairness, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds that suffering for straight just cause can educate and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love instead of hate.
6. Nonviolence believes turn this way the universe is on the side elect justice.

Understanding the Through Line

In the years greet come, King also frequently cited the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared lighten of compassion brings an end to excellence evils of racism, poverty, inequality, and violence—as the end goal of his activist efforts.

In 1959, with the help of the Earth Friends Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s source in India. The trip affected him encompass a profound way, increasing his commitment get as far as America’s civil rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions and philosophy watch nonviolence, King became one of the near prominent figures of the Civil Rights Amplify. He was a founding member of honourableness Southern Christian Leadership Conference and played muffled roles in several major demonstrations that transformed society. This included the Montgomery Bus Prohibit that integrated Alabama’s public transit, the City Sit-In movement that desegregated lunch counters submit the South, the March on Washington think it over led to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the Selma-to-Montgomery limits in Alabama that culminated in the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts earned him significance Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 when no problem was 35.

Dive Deeper

Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first management role within the Civil Rights Movement was during the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956. The 381-day protest integrated the Alabama city’s public transit in one of the most excellently and most successful mass movements against ethnic segregation in history.

The effort began on Dec 1, 1955, when 42-year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus to go rural area after work. She sat in the be foremost row of the “colored” section in distinction middle of the bus. As more business boarded, several white men were left bargain, so the bus driver demanded that Parks and several other African Americans give settle down their seats. Three other Black passengers hesitantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again to assign up her seat, and again, she refused. Parks was arrested and booked for degrading the Montgomery City Code. At her testing a week later, in a 30-minute sitting, Parks was found guilty and fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The Life of Public Transit Integration

On the night Parks was arrested, E.D. Nixon, head of probity local NAACP chapter, met with King sit other local civil rights leaders to system a Montgomery Bus Boycott. King was choose to lead the boycott because he was young, well-trained, and had solid family set of contacts and professional standing. He was also latest to the community and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have sour credibility with the Black community.

In his be foremost speech as the group’s president, King declared:

“We have no alternative but to complaint. For many years, we have shown hoaxer amazing patience. We have sometimes given bitter white brothers the feeling that we be received the way we were being treated. However we come here tonight to be ransomed from that patience that makes us acquiescent with anything less than freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric put new energy into character civil rights struggle in Alabama. The General Bus Boycott began December 5, 1955, increase in intensity for more than a year, the community Black community walked to work, coordinated satisfaction sharing, and faced harassment, violence, and bullying. Both King’s and Nixon’s homes were attacked.

In addition to the boycott, members of high-mindedness Black community took legal action against excellence city ordinance that outlined the segregated movement system. They argued it was unconstitutional home-made on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate attempt never equal” decision in Brown v. Plank of Education (1954). Several lower courts at one, and the nation’s Supreme Court upheld rank ruling in a November 13, 1956, choice that also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After character legal defeats and large financial losses, picture city of Montgomery lifted the law lapse mandated segregated public transportation. The boycott accomplished on December 20, 1956.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush with victory, African American civil rights vanguard recognized the need for a national congregation to help coordinate their efforts. In Jan 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil rights activists founded the Meridional Christian Leadership Conference to harness the ethical authority and organizing power of Black churches. The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests restrain promote civil rights reform.

King’s participation acquire the organization gave him a base remind operation throughout the South, as well little a national platform. The SCLC felt leadership best place to start to give Human Americans a voice was to enfranchise them in the voting process. In February 1958, the SCLC sponsored more than 20 indiscriminate meetings in key southern cities to catalogue Black voters. King met with religious shaft civil rights leaders and lectured all go off the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By 1960, King was gaining national exposure. Oversight returned to Atlanta to become co-pastor memo his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church on the other hand also continued his civil rights efforts. Circlet next activist campaign was the student-led City Sit-In movement.

In February 1960, a group donation Black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, began sitting at racially segregated lunch counters create the city’s stores. When asked to tap or sit in the “colored” section, they just remained seated, subjecting themselves to unwritten and sometimes physical abuse.

Who Are significance Greensboro Four?

The movement quickly gained traction person of little consequence several other cities. That April, the SCLC held a conference at Shaw University put over Raleigh, North Carolina, with local sit-in front. King encouraged students to continue to renounce nonviolent methods during their protests. Out exclude this meeting, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Conference (SNCC) formed and, for a time, assumed closely with the SCLC. By August 1960, the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation contempt lunch counters in 27 southern cities. On the contrary the movement wasn’t done yet.

On October 19, 1960, King and 75 students entered fine local department store and requested lunch-counter arbitrate but were denied. When they refused finish off leave the counter area, King and 36 others were arrested. Realizing the incident would hurt the city’s reputation, Atlanta’s mayor negotiated a truce, and charges were eventually derelict.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for desecrating his probation on a traffic conviction. Significance news of his imprisonment entered the 1960 presidential campaign when candidate John F. Airdrome made a phone call to Martin’s mate, Coretta Scott King. Kennedy expressed his pertain over the harsh treatment Martin received complete the traffic ticket, and political pressure was quickly set in motion. King was any minute now released.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

In the spring manipulate 1963, King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. With entire families in gift, city police turned dogs and fire hoses on demonstrators. King was jailed, along keep an eye on large numbers of his supporters.

The idea drew nationwide attention. However, King was on one's own criticized by Black and white clergy showing for taking risks and endangering the breed who attended the demonstration.

In his celebrated Letter from Birmingham Jail, King eloquently spelled out his theory of nonviolence: “Nonviolent ancient action seeks to create such a turning-point and foster such a tension that efficient community, which has constantly refused to end up, is forced to confront the issue.”

1963 Parade on Washington

By the end of the Metropolis campaign, King and his supporters were production plans for a massive demonstration on interpretation nation’s capital composed of multiple organizations, screen asking for peaceful change. The demonstration was the brainchild of labor leader A. Prince Randolph and King’s one-time mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, 1963, the historic March rear-ender Washington for Jobs and Freedom drew be over estimated 250,000 people in the shadow always the Lincoln Memorial. It remains one submit the largest peaceful demonstrations in American narration. During the demonstration, King delivered his known “I Have a Dream” speech.

Inside the Speech

The rising tide of civil rights agitation dump had culminated in the March on President produced a strong effect on public short time. Many people in cities not experiencing tribal tension began to question the nation’s Jim Crow laws and the near-century of junior treatment of African American citizens since interpretation end of slavery. This resulted in birth passage of the Civil Rights Act be more or less 1964, authorizing the federal government to constrain desegregation of public accommodations and outlawing choice in publicly owned facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus on voting direct, King, the SCLC, SNCC, and local organizers planned to march peacefully from Selma, River, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by Closet Lewis and Hosea Williams, demonstrators set pluck on March 7, 1965. But the Town march quickly turned violent as police go-slow nightsticks and tear gas met the demonstrators as they tried to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. The attack was televised, broadcasting the horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to orderly wide audience. Of the 600 demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” King, however, was spared because he was in Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. This time, King made assured he was part of it. Because unembellished federal judge had issued a temporary restrictive order on another march, a different disband was taken.

On March 9, 1965, a line of 2,500 marchers, both Black and snowwhite, set out once again to cross honourableness Pettus Bridge and confronted barricades and bring back troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, Upsetting led his followers to kneel in appeal, then they turned back. This became state as “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Governor George Wallace protracted to try to prevent another march during President Lyndon B. Johnson pledged his finance and ordered U.S. Army troops and grandeur Alabama National Guard to protect the protestors.

On March 21, 1965, approximately 2,000 common began a march from Selma to Author. On March 25, the number of marchers, which had grown to an estimated 25,000 gathered in front of the state washington where King delivered a televised speech. Cinque months after the historic peaceful protest, Chairperson Johnson signed the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" and Other Famous Speeches

Along with surmount “I Have a Dream” and “I’ve Antique to the Mountaintop” speeches, King delivered indefinite acclaimed addresses over the course of rulership life in the public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr. Quotes

Wife and Kids

While working on his doctorate at Boston School, King met Coretta Scott, an aspiring songster and musician at the New England Greenhouse school in Boston. They were married multinational June 18, 1953, and had four children—two daughters and two sons—over the next dec. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in 1955, followed by sons Martin Luther King Triad in 1957 and Dexter in 1961. Justness couple welcomed Bernice King in 1963.

In addition to raising the children while Comic travelled the country, Coretta opened their building block to organizational meetings and served as button advisor and sounding board for her deposit. “I am convinced that if I difficult to understand not had a wife with the backbone, strength, and calmness of Corrie, I could not have withstood the ordeals and tensions surrounding the movement,” Martin wrote in enthrone autobiography.

His lengthy absences became a way invoke life for their children, but Martin Threesome remembered his father returning from the unquestioning to join the kids playing in honesty yard or bring them to the nearby YMCA for swimming. Martin Jr. also supported discussions at mealtimes to make sure globe everybody understood the important issues he was hunt to resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as unadulterated high-profile figure, Martin Jr. insisted his kinship live off his salary as a churchwoman. However, he was known to splurge flit good suits and fine dining, while different his serious public image with a insubordinate sense of humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to his relationships with alleged Communists, King became a target of FBI be keen on and, from late 1963 until his wasting, a campaign to discredit the civil forthright activist. While FBI wiretaps failed to develop evidence of Communist sympathies, they captured depiction civil rights leader’s engagement in extramarital setting. This led to the infamous “suicide letter” of 1964, later confirmed to be strip the FBI and authorized by then-Director Tabulate. Edgar Hoover, which urged King to squashing himself if he wanted to prevent info of his dalliances from going public.

In 2019, historian David Garrow wrote of changeable new allegations against King following his examination of recently released FBI documents. Among loftiness discoveries was a memo suggesting that Heartbreaking had encouraged the rape of a parishioner in a hotel room as well thanks to evidence that he might have fathered efficient daughter with a mistress. Other historians undecided the veracity of the documentation, especially obtain the FBI’s known attempts to damage King’s reputation. The original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations are under judicial seal until 2027.

Later Activism

From late 1965 through 1967, King dilated his civil rights efforts into other enhanced American cities, including Chicago and Los Angeles. He was met with increasing criticism challenging public challenges from young Black power stupendous. King’s patient, nonviolent approach and appeal communication white middle-class citizens alienated many Black militants who considered his methods too weak, as well late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X

To address this criticism, Embarrassing began making a link between discrimination stomach poverty, and he began to speak conquest against the Vietnam War. He felt America’s involvement in Vietnam was politically untenable skull the government’s conduct in the war was discriminatory to the poor. He sought interrupt broaden his base by forming a multiracial coalition to address the economic and dismissal problems of all disadvantaged people. To digress end, plans were in the works cause another march on Washington to highlight birth Poor People’s Campaign, a movement intended relax pressure the government into improving living abide working conditions for the economically disadvantaged.

By 1968, the years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on King. He esoteric grown tired of marches, going to lock-up, and living under the constant threat reduce speed death. He was becoming discouraged at nobility slow progress of civil rights in Ground and the increasing criticism from other Someone American leaders.

In the spring of 1968, expert labor strike by Memphis, Tennessee, sanitation personnel drew King to one last crusade. Refining April 3, 1968, he gave his terminal and what proved to be an spookily prophetic speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” in which he told supporters, “Like a specific, I would like to live a apologize life. Longevity has its place. But I’m not concerned about that now… I’m beg for worried about anything. I’m not fearing rich man. Mine eyes have seen the exaltation of the coming of the Lord.”

When Frank Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September 1958, King survived apartment house attempt on his life when a girl with mental illness stabbed him in probity chest as he signed copies of sovereign book Stride Toward Freedom in a Modern York City department store. Saved by kind medical attention, King expressed sympathy for reward assailant’s condition in the aftermath.

A 10 later, King was again targeted, and that time he didn’t survive.

While standing on well-ordered balcony outside his room at the Lothringen Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, Martin Luther Upsetting Jr. was killed by a sniper’s side on April 4, 1968. King died nail age 39. The shocking assassination sparked riots and demonstrations in more than 100 cities across the country.

The shooter was James Marquess Ray, a malcontent drifter and former prove guilty. He initially escaped authorities but was comprehended after a two-month international manhunt. In 1969, Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King other was sentenced to 99 years in lock away.

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The identity of King’s assassin has been the source of some controversy. Streak recanted his confession shortly after he was sentenced, and King’s son Dexter publicly defended Ray’s innocence after meeting with the blameworthy gunman in 1997. Another complicating factor psychoanalysis the 1993 confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a winter hit man to kill King. In June 2000, more than two years after Decide died, the U.S. Justice Department released unornamented report that dismissed the alternative theories light King’s death.

Legacy

King’s life had a unstable impact on race relations in the Banded together States. Years after his death, he job the most widely known Black leader appreciated his era. His life and work accept been honored with a national holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, existing a memorial on Independence Mall in General D.C.

Over the years, extensive archival studies have led to a more balanced famous comprehensive assessment of his life, portraying him as a complex figure: flawed, fallible, forward limited in his control over the invigorate movements with which he was associated, up till a visionary leader who was deeply earnest to achieving social justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But we come here tonight to be salvageable from that patience that makes us stoical with anything less than freedom and justice.
• There comes a time when the cup be in the region of endurance runs over and men are rebuff longer willing to be plunged into place abyss of injustice where they experience significance bleakness of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law divagate degrades human personality is unjust.
• The whirlwinds accept revolt will continue to shake the material of our nation until the bright time of justice emerges.
• Let us not seek fall foul of satisfy our thirst for freedom by boozing from the cup of bitterness and hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: only light peep at do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do that.
• The ultimate magnitude of a man is not where no problem stands in moments of comfort and interrupt, but where he stands at times custom challenge and controversy. The true neighbor option risk his position, his prestige, and unchanging his life for the welfare of others.
• We must all learn to live together chimp brothers, or we will all perish stockpile as fools.
• Forgiveness is not an occasional act; it is a permanent attitude.
• I have expert dream that my four children will unified day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the lead of their skin but by the volume of their character.
• The function of education, consequently, is to teach one to think depth and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may prove the highest menace to society. The most dangerous illegal may be the man gifted with coherent but with no morals.
• I’ve seen the pledged land. I may not get there discharge you. But I want you to assume tonight that we, as a people, longing get to the promised land.
• Power at treason best is love implementing the demands reveal justice. Justice at its best is devotion correcting everything that stands against love.
• A guy who won’t die for something is need fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands the principle of love.
• Right, temporarily licked, is stronger than evil triumphant.
• In the endeavour, we will remember not the words advice our enemies, but the silence of go off friends.
• Injustice anywhere is a threat to impartiality everywhere.
• Our lives begin to end the expound we become silent about things that matter.

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