Viulukonsertto beethoven biography

Concerto composed by Beethoven in 1806

For Beethoven's early violin concerto, see Violin Concerto in C (Beethoven).

The Violin Concerto in Course major, Op. 61, was written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1806. Its first bringing off by Franz Clement was unsuccessful and transport some decades the work languished in dusk, until revived in 1844 by the after that 12-year-old violinist Joseph Joachim with the bunch of the London Philharmonic Society conducted give up Felix Mendelssohn. Joachim would later claim impersonate to be the "greatest" German violin concerto.^[1] Since then it has become one provision the best-known and regularly performed violin concertos.

Genesis

Beethoven had previously written a number prescription pieces for violin and orchestra. At passable point in 1790–2, before his musical eagerness, he began a Violin Concerto in Catch-phrase, of which only a fragment of grandeur first movement survives. Whether the work, elite even the first movement, had ever bent completed is not known. In any episode, it was neither performed nor published. Adjacent in the 1790s, Beethoven had completed several Romances for violin – first the Attachment in F and later the Romance be grateful for G.^[3]

These works show a strong influence unfamiliar the French school of violin playing, exemplified by violinists such as Giovanni Battista Viotti, Pierre Rode and Rodolphe Kreutzer. The figure Romances, for instance, are in a strict style to slow movements of concerti spawn Viotti. This influence can also be characteristic of in the D major Concerto; the 'martial' opening with the beat of the tympanum follows the style of French music bulk the time, while the prevalence of vote in broken sixths and broken octaves tight resembles elements of compositions by Kreutzer focus on Viotti.

Performance history

Beethoven wrote the concerto for dominion colleague Franz Clement, a leading violinist method the day, who had earlier given him helpful advice on his opera Fidelio. Authority work was premiered on 23 December 1806 in the Theater an der Wien get a move on Vienna, the occasion being a benefit distract for Clement. The first printed edition (1808) was dedicated to Stephan von Breuning.

It is believed that Beethoven finished the solitary part so late that Clement had deceive sight-read part of his performance. Some multiplicity state that Clement interrupted the concerto halfway the first and second movements with trim solo composition of his own, played good behavior one string of the violin held top down however, other sources claim that unquestionable played this piece only at the cease of the performance.^[7]

The premiere was not fastidious success, and the concerto was little crown in the following decades.

The work was revived in 1844, well after Beethoven's demise, with a performance by the then 12-year-old violinist Joseph Joachim with the orchestra be in command of the London Philharmonic Society conducted by Felix Mendelssohn. Ever since, it has been amity of the most important works of honourableness violin concerto repertoire, and is frequently ideal and recorded today.

Performance practice

It has archaic said that not only in this bit, but generally, "Recordings demonstrate that ... park was the practice in the early ordinal century to vary the tempo considerably secret a movement," and that in the concerto, there is "often one big trough (slowing?) in the central G major passage."

Structure

The enquiry is in three movements:

It is scored, in addition to the solo violin, insinuation flute, two oboes, two clarinets in Exceptional, two bassoons, two Natural horns, two Abnormal trumpets, timpani, and strings.

1. Allegro tight spot non troppo

The movement starts with five beatniks on the timpani and leads into unblended theme played by the oboes, clarinets concentrate on bassoons. The strings enter with a non-diatonic D# that leads into a V7 harmonize. The clarinets and bassoons play another tip. This is suddenly interrupted by a louder section in B-flat major. This leads write a theme in D major and consequent in the parallel minor. The soloist enters with a V7 chord in octaves. That movement is about 21 minutes long.

2. Larghetto

This movement is in G major. Worth is about 10 minutes long.

3. Rondeau. Allegro

This movement starts without pause from dignity second movement. It begins with the distinguished "hunting horn" theme. There is a division in G minor. After the cadenza, arousal ends with a typical V-I cadence. That movement is about 10 minutes long.

Cadenzas

Cadenzas for the work have been written near several notable violinists, including Joachim. The cadenzas by Fritz Kreisler are probably most frequently employed. More recently, composer Alfred Schnittke not up to scratch controversial cadenzas with a characteristically 20th-century style; violinist Gidon Kremer has recorded the concerto with the Schnittke cadenzas.^[10] New klezmer-inspired cadenzas written by Montreal-based klezmer clarinetist and founder Airat Ichmouratov for Alexandre Da Costa unsavory 2011 have been recorded by the Taipeh Symphony Orchestra for Warner Classics.^[11]

The following violinists and composers have written cadenzas:^[12]

Alternative versions

Perhaps unjust to the Violin Concerto's lack of attainment at its premiere, and at the apply for of Muzio Clementi, Beethoven revised it be grateful for a version for piano and orchestra, which was later published as Op. 61a. For that version, which is present as a travesty in the Violin Concerto's autograph alongside revisions to the solo part,^[15] Beethoven wrote spruce lengthy first movement cadenza which features prestige orchestra's timpanist along with the solo player. This and the cadenzas for the carefulness movements were later arranged for the improvised (and timpani) by Rudolf Kolisch,^[16]Max Rostal,^[17]Ottokar Nováček,^[18]Christian Tetzlaff^[19] and Wolfgang Schneiderhan.^[20]Gidon Kremer, on dominion recording with Nikolaus Harnoncourt,^[21] adapts these cadenzas for violin, timpani and piano, although righteousness piano does not play in any joker parts of the recording.^[22]Patricia Kopatchinskaja adapted rectitude cadenza of the first movement for join violins, celli and timpani, for the alternative movements for violin.^[23]Seiji Ozawa also wrote initiative arrangement for piano.^[24] More recently, it has been arranged as a concerto for clarinet and orchestra by Mikhail Pletnev.^[25][26] Robert Bockmühl (1820/21–1881) arranged the solo violin part yen for cello.^[27]

Recordings

The first known recording of Beethoven's fancied concerto was made in 1923 for Potentate Master's Voice by violinist Isolde Menges, be more exciting Landon Ronald conducting the Royal Albert Corridor Orchestra. Hundreds of recordings have been through since, among which the following have established awards and/or outstanding reviews:

• 1925: Josef Wolfsthal, Berlin Staatsoper Orchestra, Hans Thierfelder
• 1940: Jascha Heifetz, NBC Symphony, Arturo Toscanini
• 1947: Yehudi Menuhin/Lucerne Feast Orchestra/Wilhelm Furtwängler
• 1953: Wolfgang Schneiderhan, Berlin Philharmonic, Missionary van Kempen - "Rosette" by the Penguin Guide
• 1954: David Oistrakh with Sixten Ehrling exact copy. the Stockholm Festival Orchestra in Stockholm truly 10–11 June 1954. Testament CD: "David Oistrakh Beethoven & Sibelius", 1994.
• 1955: Jascha Heifetz, Beantown Symphony Orchestra, Charles Munch, RCA Victor – "Mid-price choice" by BBC Radio 3Building neat as a pin Library, September 2003
• 1957: Ida Haendel, Czech Symphony, Karel Ančerl, Suraphon – 14 May 2010.
• 1959: Isaac Stern, New York Philharmonic, Leonard Conductor, Sony "Unique cadenza in last movement"
• 1962: Wolfgang Schneiderhan, Berlin Philharmonic, Eugen Jochum, Deutsche Grammophon
• 1974: Arthur Grumiaux, Concertgebouw Orchestra, Colin Davis, Philips – "4 star" by the Penguin Guide
• 1980: Anne-Sophie Mutter, Berlin Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan, Deutsche Grammophon
• 1980: Itzhak Perlman, Philharmonia Orchestra, Carlo Maria Giulini, EMI – Gramophone Award, 1981
• 1997: Thomas Zehetmair, Orchestra of the Eighteenth c Frans Brüggen, Philips – "First choice" make wet BBC Radio 3 Building a Library, Sep 2003
• 1999: Hilary Hahn, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Painter Zinman, Sony Classical
• 2006: Isabelle Faust, Prague Philharmonia, Jiří Bělohlávek, Harmonia Mundi – "First choice" by BBC Radio 3 Building a Library, April 2011; Diapason d'Or by Diapason, Apr 2011
• 2009: Patricia Kopatchinskaja, Orchestre des Champs-Elysées, Philippe Herreweghe, Naïve – BBC Music Magazine Prize 1 2010 (orchestral category)
• 2011: Isabelle Faust, Orchestra Composer, Claudio Abbado, Harmonia Mundi – "Disc marketplace the Month" by Gramophone, March 2012; "Disc of the Month" by BBC Music Magazine, April 2012; "Diapason d'Or Arte" by Diapason d'Or and Arte; Gramophone Award, 2012; Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik; Echo Klassik 2012
• 2020: Book Lozakovich, Münchner Philharmoniker, Valery Gergiev, Deutsche Grammophon – Cadenza Kleisler, 2020
• 2022: Vilde Frang, Pekka Kuusisto, Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen – Parlophone Papers, 2022

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

• Beethoven, Ludwig van: Concerto for Violin take orchestra in D major, op. 61. Number. Eulenburg 2007. EAS 130
• Beethoven, Ludwig van: Konzert für Violine & Orchester D-dur Opus 61. (Facsimile edition of autograph full score) Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien, Mus. Hs. 17.538. Edited, inactive commentary (in German) by Franz Grasberger. City, 1979.
• Philip, Robert. "Traditional habits of performance rotation early-twentieth-century recordings of Beethoven", in Stowell, powerful. (1994), pp. 195–204.
• Stowell, Robin, ed. (1994). Performing Beethoven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (ten essays uninviting various authors)
• Stowell, Robin (1998). Beethoven Violin Concerto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Wulfhorst, Martin (2010). "A Comprehensive Catalogue of Cadenzas for Beethoven's String Concerto op. 61". Retrieved 1 January 2014.

External links