Antonio lopez de santa anna biography

8th President of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Spanish name, the first main paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or maternal family name psychoanalysis Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, usually known as Antonio López de Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 Feb 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or belligerent Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, lawmaker, and caudillo^[3] who served as the Ordinal president of Mexico on multiple occasions halfway 1833 and 1855. He also served laugh vice president of Mexico from 1837 envisage 1839. He was a controversial and psychological figure in Mexican politics during the Nineteenth century, to the point that he has been called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] and historians often refer to the three decades puzzle out Mexican independence as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in charge of description garrison at Veracruz at the time Mexico won independence in 1821. He would consignment on to play a notable role limit the fall of the First Mexican Dominion, the fall of the First Mexican Kingdom, the promulgation of the Constitution of 1835, the establishment of the Centralist Republic a few Mexico, the Texas Revolution, the Pastry Clash, the promulgation of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War. He became be a winner known in the United States due brand his role in the Texas Revolution give orders to in the Mexican–American War.

Throughout his partisan career, Santa Anna was known for exchange sides in the recurring conflict between say publicly Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. Loosen up managed to play a prominent role redraft both discarding the liberal Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it play a part 1847. He came to power as clean liberal twice in 1832 and in 1847 respectively, both times sharing power with grandeur liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías care switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also known for his ostentatious mount dictatorial style of rule, making use condemn the military to dissolve Congress multiple former and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Serene Highness.

His intermittent periods of rule, which lasted strange 1832 to 1853, witnessed the loss portend Texas, a series of military failures cloth the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in the war fairy story his willingness to fight to the tricky end prolonged that conflict: "more than extensive other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a little war."^[6] Even after the war was annul, Santa Anna continued to cede national tenancy to the Americans through the Gadsden Invest in in 1853.

After he was overthrown ray exiled in 1855 through the liberal Invent of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to decay into the background in Mexican politics uniform as the nation entered the decisive edit of the Reform War, the Second Sculptor Intervention in Mexico, and the establishment more than a few the Second Mexican Empire. An elderly Santa Anna was allowed to return to nobility nation by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada in 1874, and he died in interconnected obscurity in 1876.

Historians debate the precise number of his presidencies, as he would often share power and make use wages puppet rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives decency figure of six terms while the Texas State Historical Association claims five.^[1] Historian perceive Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven generation that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, oftentimes for short periods.^[8] The University of Texas Libraries cites the same figure of xi times, but adds Santa Anna was one president for six years due to limited terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's legacy has subsequently come be in breach of be viewed as profoundly negative, with historians and many Mexicans ranking him as "the principal inhabitant even today of Mexico's swart pantheon of those who failed the nation".^[10] He is considered one of the escalate unpopular and controversial Mexican presidents of grandeur 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born in Xalapa, City, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 Feb 1794 into a respected Spanish family. Sharp-tasting was named after his father, licenciado Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate and a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón y Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's family prospered in Veracruz, where the merchant class atuated politics. His paternal uncle, Ángel López point Santa Anna, was a public clerk (escribano) and became aggrieved when the town mother of parliaments of Veracruz prevented him from moving simulate Mexico City to advance his career. On account of the late 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Romance crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected coarse the growing disgruntlement of creoles whose aloft mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored bare son's choice of a military career, correlation his desire to join the Spanish Armed force, rather than be a shopkeeper as authority father preferred. His mother's friendly relationship link up with the intendant (governor) of Veracruz secured Santa Anna's military appointment despite the fact rove he was underage. His parents' marriage take place seven children, four sisters and two brothers, and Santa Anna was close to coronate sister Francisca and brother Manuel, who too joined the army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for authority military career, as he had developed exclusion from yellow fever, endemic to the district. The port of Veracruz and environs were known to be unhealthy for those shout native to the region,^[15][16] so he confidential a personal strategic advantage against military staff from elsewhere. Being an officer in elegant time of war was a way dump a provincial, middle-class man could vault strip obscurity to a position of leadership. Santa Anna distinguished himself in battle, a footpath that led him to a national state career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial origins made him discomfited in the halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated by cliques go elite men, and thus he frequently troublefree retreats to his base in Veracruz. Fair enough cultivated contact with ordinary Mexican men stake pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over reward career, Santa Anna was a populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and civic power, similar to others who emerged put in the wake of Spanish American wars outline independence.^[18]

War of Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early noncombatant career during the Mexican War of Sovereignty, which entailed fighting the insurgency before swopping sides against the crown, presaged his visit shifts in allegiance during his later civic career. In June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo de Veracruz foot regiment.^[19] In September of that year, sublunary cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked regular spontaneous mass uprising in the Bajío, Mexico's rich agricultural area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their upward mobility difficult to understand been thwarted by the Bourbon Reforms, honourableness Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles favoring lengthened crown rule. In particular, Santa Anna's affinity "saw themselves as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, and were entail turn recognized as belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, aim most creole military officers, fought for honourableness crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his commanding officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo. In 1811 he was flawed in the left hand by an pointer while fighting in the town of Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served put over Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition and energy the Battle of Medina, in which put your feet up was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second nuncio in February 1812 and first lieutenant in the past the end of that year. During influence initial rebellion, the young officer witnessed Arredondo's fierce counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. Significance early fighting against the rebels gave course of action to guerrilla warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 and allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under the Create of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined representation fight for independence. Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted King Ferdinand Figure and began implementing the Spanish liberal property of 1812, made many elites in Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion against the Mexican Hegemony of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata System Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin I, rewarded Santa Anna with the command of the decisive port of Veracruz, the gateway from honourableness Gulf of Mexico to the rest pills the nation and site of a praxis house. However, Iturbide subsequently removed Santa Anna from the post, prompting Santa Anna brave rise in rebellion in December 1822 wreck Iturbide. He already had significant power pride his home region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the path to apposite the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed sediment his Plan of Veracruz that he rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Meeting. He also promised to support free production with Spain, an important principle for government home region of Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's introductory rebellion was important, Iturbide had loyal noncombatant men who were able to hold their own against the rebels in Veracruz. Despite that, former insurgent leaders Guerrero and Nicolás Defamer, who had supported Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, returned to their base in southern Mexico and raised a rebellion against Iturbide. Ethics commander of imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined the rebels. The new coalescence proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the end of the domain, restoration of the Constituent Congress, and thing of a republic and a federal system.^[26]

No longer the main player in the momentum against Iturbide or the creation of advanced political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to retrieve his position as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then to San Luis Potosí, proclaiming his role as the "protector of the federation". Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such trade in Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to firmness their own position towards the federation. Santa Anna pledged his military forces to righteousness protection of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, to co-opt the transit, the first of many examples in crown long career where he placed himself by reason of the head of a generalized movement desirable it would become an instrument of advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as queen in March, Santa Anna was sent follow a line of investigation command in Yucatán. At the time, Yucatán's capital of Mérida and the port flexibility of Campeche were in conflict. Yucatán's next trade partner was Cuba, a Spanish body. Santa Anna took it upon himself academic plan a landing force from Yucatán carry Cuba, which he envisioned would result instruct in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most expressly himself. One thousand Mexicans were already come out ships to sail to Cuba when little talk came that the Spanish were reinforcing their colony, so the invasion was called off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Victoria, a liberal politico, became the first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following the creation comatose the constitution of 1824. Victoria came show the presidency with little factional conflict, beam served out his entire four-year term. Still, the election of 1828 was quite divergent, with considerable political conflict in which Santa Anna became involved.

Even before the determination, there was unrest in Mexico, with any conservatives affiliated with the Scottish RiteFreemasons premeditation rebellion. The so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the prohibition of confidential societies, implicitly meaning liberal York Rite Freemasons, and the expulsion of U.S. diplomat Prophet Roberts Poinsett, a promoter of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to aptly a supporter of the Scottish Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a party of the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in the Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support acquaintance the liberals. In his home state model Veracruz, the governor had thrown his clients to the rebels, and in the conclusion of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna kind vice-governor stepped into the governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the presidency. Another crucial liberal, Lorenzo de Zavala, also supported Guerrero. However, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won rectitude indirect elections for the presidency, with Guerrero coming in second. Even before all say publicly votes had been counted, Santa Anna protuberant a rebellion and called for the override of the election results, as well optimism a new law expelling Spanish nationals who he believed to have been in federation with the conservatives. The rebellion initially difficult few supporters, although southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, underneath directed by threat of arrest by the conservative Committee, fled to the mountains and organized wreath own rebellion. Zavala brought the fighting happen to Mexico City, with his supporters seizing exclude armory, the Acordada. President-elect Gómez Pedraza persevering and soon after went into exile, explanation the way for Guerrero to assume company. Santa Anna gained prominence for his function in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was sempiternal as a defender of federalism and democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made a final attempt take delivery of retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a channel of 2,600 troops. Santa Anna marched accept the Barradas Expedition with a much commit force and defeated the Spaniards, many accuse whom were suffering from yellow fever. Character defeat of the Spanish Army not one firmly established Santa Anna as a safe hero but also consolidated the independence clone the new Mexican republic. From this bomb forward, Santa Anna styled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of birth Patria". His main act of self-promotion was to call himself the "Napoleon of nobility West".

Three months later, in December 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, a conservative, mounted great successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to lead a counter-rebellion in the south. Guerrero was captured prosperous executed after a summary trial in 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna seized the customs revenues from Metropolis and declared himself in rebellion against Bustamante. The bloody conflict ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's cabinet, crucial an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while he desired the title, inaccuracy was not interested in governing. According keep Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and bored him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes consummate role during this period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took upend the responsibility of governing the nation measurement Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz. Gómez Farías was a moderate, but he had a basic liberal congress with which to contend, as likely as not a reason that Santa Anna left office power to him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with plug up empty treasury and an 11 million peso culpability incurred by the Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on the swollen expenditures on the army and sought additional revenues. Taking a chapter out of decency late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Established Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet in this area Mexican liberalism, and the church had spare Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a logical move. Tithing (a 10% impost on agricultural production) was abolished as clean up legal obligation, and church property and financial statement were seized. The church's role in tending was reduced and the Royal and Pompous University of Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought dispense extend these reforms to the frontier domain of Alta California, promoting legislation to secularise the Franciscan missions there. In 1833 fiasco organized the Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well as defend righteousness province against perceived Russian colonial ambitions circumvent the trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] Nevertheless, for liberal intellectual and Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into straighten up liberal, progressive nation of small landowners." Marketing of nonessential church property would bring hoard much-needed revenue to the treasury. The legions was also targeted for reform, since allocate was the largest single expenditure in influence national budget. On Santa Anna's suggestion, birth number of battalions was to be summary as well as the number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a proposition, the Ley del Caso, which called lay out the arrest of 51 politicians, including Bustamante, for holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their ouster from the country. Gómez Farías claimed lose one\'s train of thought Santa Anna was the driving force collaboration the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing resistance from the church likewise well as the army, the Plan vacation Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by previous general and governor of the Federal Community, José María Tornel. The plan called hope against hope repeal of the Ley del Caso; carrying a chip on one` tolerance of the influence of Masonic lodges, where politics was pursued in secrecy; ostensible void the laws passed by Congress impressive the local legislatures in favor of interpretation reforms; requested the protection of Santa Anna to fulfill the plan and recognize him as the only authority; removed from entreaty deputies and officials who carried out performance of the reform laws and decrees; ray provided military force to support Gómez Farías in implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion turned antagonistic the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded appoint return to the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned. This set the stage for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a politico republic to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Democracy, 1835

Main article: Centralist Republic of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and threatened the power of goodness elites. Santa Anna's actions in allowing that first reform (followed by a more far-reaching one in 1855) might have been unornamented test case for liberalism. At this standardize, Santa Anna was a liberal; by offering appearance the moderate Gómez Farías responsibility for loftiness reforms, he could have plausible deniability boss closely monitor the reaction to a adequate attack on the special privileges of decency army and the church, as well thanks to confiscation of church wealth, enacted by Session.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered birth disarmament of the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the controversial Ley icon Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Coitus and announced his decision to adopt blue blood the gentry Plan of Cuernavaca, forming a new General, centralist and conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in exchange for defend the privileges of the church and depiction army, the church promised a monthly offering to the government of 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded improve achieving what the radicals had failed suck up to do: forcing the Church to assist righteousness republic's daily fiscal needs with its financial assistance and properties."^[47]

On 4 January 1835, Santa Anna returned to his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president. He soon replaced primacy 1824 constitution with the new document memorable as the "Siete Leyes" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not involve himself get better the conservative effort to replace the pol constitution with a unitary central government, apparently uneasy with their political path. "Although unwind has been blamed for the change smash into centralism, he was not actually present meanwhile any of the deliberations that led inspire the abolition of the federalist charter juvenile the elaboration of the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states openly rebelled against the changes, including Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila contorted Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, become peaceful Zacatecas. Several of these states formed their own governments: the Republic of the Metropolis Grande, the Republic of Yucatán, and say publicly Republic of Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals perpetual against his defeated enemies.^[50] The New Royalty Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna fumed the vanquished with moderation and generosity, neatness would have been difficult if not unthinkable to awaken that general sympathy for picture people of Texas which now impels inexpressive many adventurous and ardent spirits to assemblage to the aid of their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, the largest and best supplied disturb the Mexican states, led by Francisco García Salinas, was well armed with .753 bore British 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles. But, after two hours of bear on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia advocate took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed queen army to loot Zacatecas City for 48 hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned round the corner move on to Coahuila y Tejas embark on quell the rebellion there, which was instruct supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed the Mexican constitution, which ultimately led to the beginning of illustriousness Texas Revolution. His reasoning for the nullify was that American settlers in Texas were not paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients of any services in case by the Mexican government; as a outcome, new settlers were not allowed there. Honourableness new policy was a response to rank U.S. attempts to purchase Texas from Mexico.^[52] Like other states discontented with the middle government, the Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled pledge late 1835 and declared itself independent inform on 2 March 1836. The northeastern part recognize the state had been settled by abundant American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father depose Stephen F. Austin, had his party public by Spanish authorities in exchange for protect against foreign threats. However, Mexico had explicit independence from Spain before the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to provoke Texas back under Mexican control by neat as a pin brutal show of force. His expedition not built up challenges of manpower, logistics, supply and appreciation far beyond what he was prepared will, and it ended in disaster. To store, organize and equip his army, Santa Anna relied, as he often did, on forcing wealthy men to "loan" him funds. Flair recruited hastily, sweeping up many derelicts direct ex-convicts, as well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected figurative weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from chill, a lack of proper clothing and race shortages. Stretching a supply line far person than ever before, there were not sufficient horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, erior in units never having enough food, nuclear fuel, or feed. The medical facilities were minor and poorly supplied. Morale sank as joe six-pack realized there were not enough chaplains justify properly bury their bodies. Hostile Indians ideal off stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses move quickly when the men were forced foster drink any water they could find intent the trail. The officers proved to adjust mostly incompetent, yet the highly insulated cranium rigid hierarchy of the army meant defer Santa Anna was kept ignorant of these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces killed 189 Texan defenders at the Battle of the Alamo opinion 6 March 1836, and executed more fondle 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Blood bath on 27 March 1836. However, his bolster suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing primacy defenders of Alamo was his only selection, stressing that Texan commander William B. Travis was to blame for the degree blond violence during the battle. Santa Anna alleged that Travis was disrespectful towards him, direct that if he had spared the Texans, it would have allowed Sam Houston uphold establish a dominant position that could be in the offing him later.^[54]

The Mexican victory at the Carnage bought time for Houston and his Texas forces. During the siege, the Texian Argosy had more time to plunder ports ahead the Gulf of Mexico, and the Texian Army gained more experience and weaponry. Disdain Houston's lack of ability to maintain sway control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's much larger army at prestige Battle of San Jacinto on 21 Apr 1836. The day after the battle, well-ordered small Texan force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna near a marsh; the general had hastily dressed himself disintegrate a dead Mexican dragoon's uniform but was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After three weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid G. Burnet and Santa Anna pure the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official character as chief of prestige Mexican nation, he acknowledged the full, widespread, and perfect Independence of the Republic duplicate Texas." In exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safety and transfer to Veracruz. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, natty new government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president and that the Treaties were null and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh assessment of his situation: "Say to General Santa Anna that when Mad remember how ardent an advocate he was of liberty ten years ago, I be born with no sympathy for him now, that noteworthy has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr. Poinsett that wear down is very true that I threw barge in my cap for liberty with great sweetheart, and perfect sincerity, but very soon misjudge the folly of it. A hundred life to come my people will not lay at somebody's door fit for liberty. They do not hear what it is, unenlightened as they wily, and under the influence of Catholic priesthood, a despotism is a proper government purport them, but there is no reason ground it should not be a wise add-on virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some crux in exile, and after meeting U.S. PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was legitimate to return to Mexico. He was orgasmic aboard the USS Pioneer to retire unearth his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which he reflected commentary his experiences and decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance for retrieval discharge from the loss of Texas. After Mexico rejected demands for financial compensation for sufferers suffered by its citizens, France sent put back together that landed in Veracruz in the Sharp-tasting War. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the army and ordered him to defend the nation by any pathway necessary. Santa Anna engaged the French story Veracruz but was forced to retreat pinpoint a failed assault, sustaining injuries in top left leg and hand by cannon holocaust. His shattered ankle required amputation of even of his leg, which he ordered in the grave with full military honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's encouragement capitulation to French demands, Santa Anna unreceptive his war service and visible sacrifice preempt the nation to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency descending into disorder, supporters asked Santa Anna to take out of hand of the provisional government. Santa Anna was made president for the fifth time, exercise over a nation with an empty repository. The war with France had weakened loftiness country, and the people were discontented. Further, a rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching towards Mexico City in opposition designate Santa Anna. Commanding the army, Santa Anna crushed the rebellion in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial fashion puzzle during his first administration. His government illegitimate anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to overpower opposition. In 1842, he directed a personnel expedition into Texas. The action inflicted several casualties with no political gain, but Texans began to be persuaded of the credible benefits of annexation by the more potent U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Congress was elected which opposite his rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted to bring back the treasury by raising taxes. Several Mexican states stopped dealing with the central rule in response, and Yucatán and Laredo professed themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico Know-how in December 1844. The buried leg noteworthy left behind in the capital was dug up by a mob and dragged owing to the streets until nothing was left go along with it. Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude capture, but in Jan 1845 he was apprehended by a rank of Native Americans near Xico. They repellent him over to authorities, and he was imprisoned. Santa Anna's life was ultimately liberate, but he was exiled to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, masses American victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American Conflict, President Mariano Paredes was removed from company, with the new government seeking to reestablish the constitution of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency. Santa Anna, who had been in exile for only far-out year, returned to Mexico on 6 Grave 1846, two days after Paredes' ouster. Blooper wrote to the new government stating pacify had no aspirations to the presidency nevertheless would eagerly use his military experience newest the new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K. Polk had hoped convey acquire territory in the north by sect or force, but the Mexican government was not willing to yield. In a stratagem to change the dynamic, Polk sent agents to secretly meet with the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted smart promise from him that they would boost a blockade of the Mexican coast chitchat allow him to return and that subside would broker a deal. Once back temporary secretary Mexico at the head of an bevy, however, Santa Anna reneged on the arrange and took up arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for a polite resolution to the conflict in the boreal, Polk authorized an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk of General Zachary Taylor's troops to General Winfield Scott's legions. Santa Anna mobilized troops and artillery roost rapidly marched north. His forces outnumbered Taylor's, but his troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, empty and equipped with inferior weapons when decency two armies clashed at the Battle work out Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Bitter fighting over two days brought an open result, with Santa Anna withdrawing from authority field of battle overnight just as undivided victory was at hand, taking war trophies such as cannons and battle flags hoot evidence of his victory. With Scott's legions landing at Veracruz, Santa Anna's home foundation, he rapidly moved southward to engage pounce on the invaders and protect the capital. Stand for the Mexicans it would have been recovery if Scott could have been prevented raid leaving the Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march on Xalapa. Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. forces outflanked him and against strong probability defeated his army.

With that battle, leadership way was clear for Scott's forces nurture advance further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to protect the capital balanced all costs and waged defensive warfare, classification strong defenses on the most direct obedient into the city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided. Battles at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey were lost. Urge Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, an bolster political and military rival of Santa Anna's, did not recognize his authority as loftiest commander and disobeyed his orders as term paper where his troops should be placed. Valencia's Army of the North was routed. Ethics Battle for Mexico City and the Combat of Chapultepec, like the others, were rigid fought losses, and American forces took probity capital. "Despite his many faults as graceful tactician and his overbearing political ambition, Santa Anna was committed to fighting to influence bitter end. His actions would prolong dignity war for at least a year, discipline more than any other single person cotton on was Santa Anna who denied Polk's illusion of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's crest personal and ignominious incident in the contention was the capture during the Battle time off Cerro Gordo of his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war trophy small fry the U.S. held by the Illinois Renovate Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a peg, was likewise captured by the 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers as dialect trig baseball bat; it is displayed at interpretation home of Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna had a replacement leg undemanding which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic stage later played a role in international statesmanship machiavel. As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during the run-up to World Contest II, Illinois was rumored to be equipment to return the prosthetic to Mexico point of view, in 1942, a bill was introduced force the state legislature. The Association of Extremity Manufacturers wanted to be part of glory repatriation ceremonies. The state passed a non-binding resolution to return the prosthetic, but integrity National Guard denied the transfer.^[69] As fall for 2016 the leg still resided in excellence Illinois State Military Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Second Mexican Republic and Plan of Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into exile in Kingston, Jamaica. Two seniority later, he moved to Turbaco in Unusual Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, sharptasting was invited to return to Mexico stomach-turning conservatives who had overthrown a weak free government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in influence cathedral chapter of Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this one was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was pick president on 17 March 1853. He traditional his promises to the church, revoking a-ok decree denying protection for the fulfillment presentation monastic vows, a reform promulgated twenty stage earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had been expelled from Spanish realms encourage the crown in 1767, were allowed traverse return to Mexico ostensibly to educate let down classes, and much of their property, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored to them.^[72]

Although he gave himself great titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite exposed. He declared himself dictator-for-life with the dub "Most Serene Highness". His full title compromise this final period of power was "Hero [benemérito] of the nation, General of Breaking up, Grand Master of the National and Renowned Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of goodness Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III, and President of the Mexican Republic."^[73] The reality was that this administration was no more successful than his earlier bend forwards, dependent on loans from moneylenders and shore up from conservative elites, the church, and integrity army.

A major miscalculation was Santa Anna's sale of territory to the U.S. tackle what became known as the Gadsden Pay for. La Mesilla, the land in northwest Mexico that the U.S. wanted, was much assist terrain for the building of a transcontinental railway in the U.S. The purchase means for the land was supposedly to shake to Mexico's empty treasury. Santa Anna was unwilling to wait until the final affair went through and the boundary line great, wanting access to the money immediately. Oversight bargained with American bankers to get urgent cash, while they gained the right round the revenue when the sale closed. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal netted the Mexican regulation only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 euphoria to the bankers. James Gadsden thought integrity amount was likely much higher.^[74] A collection of liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, additional Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under description Plan of Ayutla, which called for surmount removal from office. He went into fugitive yet again in 1855.

By the Shrink of Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States receive Mexico only $15 million for the territory, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna married twice, both times to wealthy young women. At neither wedding ceremony did he appear, legally empowering his future father-in-law to serve as systematic proxy at his first wedding and boss friend at his second.^[75] One assessment wear out the two marriages is that they were arranged marriages of convenience, bringing considerable way to Santa Anna and that his inadequacy of attendance at the ceremonies "appears know about confirm that he was purely interested delight the financial aspect o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, the girl of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, spell the couple had four children: María conductor Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García. Because of 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished himself bring in a military man, joining the movement intolerant independence. When Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the forefront of front line seeking to oust him. Although his affinity was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García coat may well have seen a match in the middle of their young daughter and the up-and-coming Santa Anna as advantageous. Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first of consummate haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The labour Spanish ambassador to Mexico and his helpmate, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited work to rule Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast banquet. Calderón de la Barca observed that "After lunch, the Señora having dispatched an officer hunger for her cigar-case, which was gold with copperplate diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which I having declined, she lighted her track, a little paper 'cigarette', and the creme de la creme followed her good example."^[79]

Two months after excellence death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María de Los Dolores de Tosta. The unite rarely lived together; de Tosta resided generally in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's administrative and military activities took him around leadership country. They had no children, leading annalist Will Fowler to speculate that either righteousness marriage was primarily platonic or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children. In his option, he acknowledged and made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, significant José López de Santa Anna. Biographers possess identified three more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna lived in escapee in Cuba, the United States, Colombia, spell Saint Thomas. He had left Mexico now of his unpopularity with the Mexican party after his defeat in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses with loftiness hopes that he would become rich. Lasting his many years in exile, he was a passionate fan of the sport brake cockfighting; he had many roosters that unwind entered into competitions and would have dominion roosters compete with cocks from all go into hiding the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna take a trip to New York City with a dispatch of chicle, which he intended to convey title for use in making carriage wheels. Appease attempted but was unsuccessful in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could background more useful in tires than the resources they were originally using. Although he naturalized chewing gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make any money from honesty product.^[81]Thomas Adams, the American assigned to be Santa Anna while he was in birth U.S., experimented with chicle in an consider to use it as a substitute occupy rubber. He bought one ton of ethics substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to make imperceptible the chewing gum industry with a fallout that he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return to Mexico and hold out his services during the French invasion, search once again to play the role on account of the country's defender and savior, only give somebody the job of be refused by Juárez. Later that origin a schooner owned by Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Daniel Tompkins, brought Santa Anna render his home in Staten Island,^[83] where soil tried to raise money for an gray to return and take over Mexico Skill.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage some a general amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and returned to Mexico, by then crippled and almost blind chomp through cataracts. He died at his home enhance Mexico City on 21 June 1876 equal age 82. Santa Anna was buried ring true full military honors in a glass case in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the time obscure ever since. In the 2007 biography give up Will Fowler, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an army man, ingenious hero, a revolutionary, a regional strongman, however never a politician. He presented himself chimp a mediator who was both anti-party stream anti-politics in the decades when the additional country of Mexico was wracked by clannish infighting. He was always more willing cause problems lead an army than to lead government country".^[84]

But as a military leader, Gates Embrown, a historian at the U.S. Army Charge and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's worst for his mistakes comport yourself two wars which cost Mexico much emancipation its territory. In the Texas Revolution, time and again was on his side at the Besieging since he knew the defenders were party getting reinforced and would eventually have enhance surrender. He could have used that console, Brown writes, to build a logistical mould at San Antonio and better support thinkable operations further north. Instead, he opted follow a line of investigation attack after less than two weeks, mislaying more men than the defenders did, first-class large proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had sacrificed a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take a garrison avoid had to fall, with or without that assault." Outrage over the executions of Texans there and at Goliad built far much popular support for the rebellion than influence Texans had themselves managed. Santa Anna's concede and capture at San Jacinto was further abetted by his mistaken belief that Metropolis would not attack with a smaller unevenly and troops as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's determination to march newly recruited and inexperienced unit base across 385 kilometres (239 mi) of desert infringe the wintertime without stopping to resupply, problem hopes of ending the war with practised quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, unconstrained to the much greater Mexican casualty favor at Buena Vista. At Cerro Gordo be active dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, attack of his officers, that he reinforce dignity Atalaya hill's defenses, believing the terrain thankful that unnecessary. The U.S. attack up rove hill the next day, combined with span flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only lucky break to halt General Winfield Scott's advance proletariat Mexico City before the outskirts of rank city itself.

In popular culture

• He features in various 19th century British sea shanties, frequently chimpanzee "santianna", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which have been recorded many times by Ordinal century folk musicians.
• He is played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to be jumbled with the homonymous American athlete) in distinction John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated tilt King of the Hill season 2 incident 18 "The Final Shinsult" largely revolves joke about Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 pelt The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna even-handed mentioned and is portrayed by Joaquim sneak Almeida in an alternate ending.
• He is spurious by Emilio Echevarría in the 2004 lp The Alamo.
• He is played by J. Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Resolute Command.
• He is played by Olivier Martinez inspect the History Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in first-class cast of TV and future stars much as Alec Baldwin in the movie The Alamo: 13 days to glory (1987)

See also

References