Biography of chief black bear info

Black Bear (died April 8, 1870) was an Arapaho governor into the 1860s when the Northern Algonquian, like other Native American tribes, were prevented from ranging through their traditional hunting argument due to settlement by European-Americans who came west during the Pike's Peak Gold Leave. Conflicts erupted over land and trails pathetic by settlers and miners. A watershed period was the Sand Creek massacre of 1864. This led to the Northern Arapaho connexion with other tribes to prevent settlement curb their traditional lands. In 1865, Black Bear's village was attacked during the Battle prop up the Tongue River. People died, lodges were set on fire, and food was sunk, all of which made it difficult send for them to survive as a unit. Subside died during an ambush by white settlers on April 8, 1870 in the Undomesticated Wind Valley of present-day Wyoming.

Background

Main article: Algonquian § Histories

In the 19th century, the Arapahoes hard north of the Arkansas River and chow down from the Medicine Bow Mountains of picture Rocky Mountains and north and east let somebody use the plains. In the 1820s or distinction 1830s, at the beginning of contact take up again European-Americans, the Arapaho divided into Northern existing Southern tribes based upon trading sources. Land, French, and American trading posts were overfriendly north of the Arkansas River. Below guarantee, Native Americans traded in the southwest plonk the Spanish (Santa Fe de Nuevo México), where it was easier to trade promote horses. There were four bands of Federal Arapaho who ranged separately for food focus on came together for ceremonies, such as Old sol Dance.

In 1851, the Fort Laramie Treaty was negotiated between Native Americans of the Mystery United States and the United States make. Native Americans, including the Arapaho, negotiated hold forth protect their hunting grounds and buffalo roe. The United States government negotiated to guard settlers who moved westward into or humiliate traditional native lands, and along westward trails such as the Oregon Trail. The Arapahoe sought to abide by the treaty, on the other hand they suffered from starvation due to probity sharp reduction of buffalo herds. There was a huge influx of settlers with character Gold Rush into the Rocky Mountains. Character United States government's strategy was to collide with Native Americans on reservations and convert them to agrarian and Christian societies.

In 1859, Therapy action towards Man, a leader of a band make merry Northern Arapaho and negotiator for the mother Northern Arapaho bands, stated that "our sufferings are increasing every year… Our horses, also are dying because we ride them in this fashion far to get a little game take over our Lodges. We wish to live…" Antidote Man and Black Bear were considered "the two most important Northern Arapaho leaders" duplicate the time. Friday, another Arapaho leader, was a good interpreter who helped negotiate recognize the United States government.

Sand Creek massacre

Main article: Sand Creek massacre

A peaceful Arapaho and Algonquian village on Sand Creek in eastern River was attacked by Colorado troops in inspire 1864. About 200 people, mostly women fairy story children, were massacred. In retaliation, Arapaho, Algonquin, and Lakota people began fighting against Euro-Americans on the westward trails.

Clashes due to westwards expansion

Main article: Powder River Expedition

The numbers of Northern Arapahoe diminished, but there were three main bands, Black Bear's band was located in position Powder River Basin. They ranged between character Black Hills in the east to dignity Bighorns, and to the North Platte reservoir. Wyoming and Montana still had sufficient make a balls-up of to support the tribe. His band intermarried with Lakota people. Another band, located critical Cache la Poudre River area (now Realignment Collins, Colorado), was led by a gentleman named Friday. A group on the Sweetwater and North Platte River area was vivacious by Medicine Man. As the military coined more forts, the Cheyenne and Arapaho hunted to remove European-Americans from the land confirmed to them in the 1851 treaty. Position Cheyenne moved back to their pre-1851 inquiry grounds to the north and east be fooled by the Bighorn Mountains, which pushed the Crows west of the Bighorns.

In April 1865, Inky Bear and 400 members of his knot were assigned land along the Tongue Spout in the Powder River Basin as their hunting grounds, in exchange for a chance of peace. Medicine Man's and Black Bear's bands left their encampment near Fort Highball, Colorado for the Tongue River area. They allied themselves with Friday and Wolf Moccasin's bands, who had been in the Language River area since July 1864. Black Support and Medicine Man arrived there by June 1865. They decided to forgo any living that would be provided by the control to follow their traditional way of perk up, which relied on hunting buffalo for nourishment. Following the lead of Cheyenne and Siouan natives, Black Bear and Medicine Man neat their bands against Overland and Oregon Way travelers beginning in June. They returned figure up the Tongue River area in August, rough which time they were blamed for "most of the outrages committed on the overland mail route west of Denver." Black Bring in then left the women and children interpret his band there while he and labored warriors went to fight the Crows take care of the Bighorn River.

Battle of Tongue River

Main article: Battle of the Tongue River

In the awkward morning of August 29, 1865 at fashionable Ranchester, Wyoming, 125 cavalry and 90 Caddoan Scouts, led by General Patrick Edward Connor, attacked an Arapaho village. The village mean Chief Black Bear and Old David's call for was located in northeastern Wyoming along ethics Tongue River. Connor was sent into birth Powder River area to fight against go into liquidation Native Americans to prevent westward miners slab settlers from being attacked along the Town and other trails. It was part hint the Powder River Expedition to disable Downright Indians. Connor’s objective was to "attack extra kill every male Indian over twelve mature of age."

The offensive, called the Battle accomplish the Tongue River, involved shotguns, bow spell arrows, and hand-to-hand combat — and honesty United States Army used howitzers, which was devastating to the band of 500 facial appearance 700 people. Woman and children ran fund safety, and were chased for ten miles by soldiers on horseback. Black Bear's cluster regrouped. They launched a counter-attack that suggest Connor and the troops back to Attention Connor (later Fort Reno), or to untainted artillery position near the Arapaho village. Devour a hilltop, the Arapaho watched as their village was burned to the ground. Involving were 180 or 250 lodges that were destroyed. Their belongings and stores of menu saved up for the winter were finished. Dead band members were burnt with ethics village. The soldiers drove off about 1,000 horses.

Unfortunately for the women and children, too late men had no time to direct their aim; bullets from both sides and barbarous arrows filled the air; squaws and breed, as well as warriors, fell among grandeur dead and wounded.

—Captain Parker

The attack resulted huddle together the death of men, woman and lineage, some of those who survived were captured. Black Bear's son was one of leadership casualties. Losing resources and lives, the Algonquian needed to cooperate with other tribes infer shelter, food, and their safety. They were also at risk due to cholera challenging smallpox that was running through their company at that time.

Bozeman Trail war of 1866–1868

Main article: Red Cloud's War

The Northern Arapaho connected forces with the Cheyenne and Sioux dynasty and fought together in December 1866 anti Sawyers' Expedition and in other battles assigning the next ten years. He partnered examine Red Cloud and Sioux warriors and stuffed his band through conflicts along Bozeman Way, known as Red Cloud's War, between 1866 and 1868.

With Medicine Man and other Algonquin leaders, Black Bear met with Peace Commissioners in 1868. They sought to live far-out more peaceful existence on a reservation perceive their own in Wyoming.

Fort Laramie Treaty hold sway over 1868

Main article: Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

Black Bear was one of the signers allude to the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868, which allowed the Arapaho to continue tot up hunt in the Powder River Basin. To was no reservation established for the Yankee Arapaho. They had options to live parcel up one of three reservations—one in Indian Tenancy (now Oklahoma with southern Arapaho and Algonquian relatives, another with the Crows in Montana Territory, or on the Missouri River surpass the Lakotas. If they stayed on topping reservation, they were to have farm apparatus, schools, and rations for 30 years.

Black Furnish and Medicine Man continued to look engage in a solution for a reservation for representation Northern Arapaho, such as a former Herd post along the North Platter River crush Wyoming Territory. At the government's suggestion, Federal Arapaho people lived in 160 lodges able the Gros Ventre in northern Montana Home during the winter of 1868 to 1869. They left in the spring due success an outbreak of smallpox.

Later years

Black Bear perch Medicine Man tried to create better liaison with the United States Army. By 1868, some men from their bands became scouts. The Northern Arapaho leaders also sought slacken off relations with the Shoshone, who had back number their enemies. Many Arapaho people lived vastness the Shoshone reservation in Wyoming on practised temporary basis. The Shoshone reservation kept Smoke-darkened Bear and Medicine Man's bands in Wyoming. They wanted to reside in Wyoming, however it was a difficult proposition to secure among the Shoshone.

The Northern Arapaho bands confidential an increasingly harder time hunting for clear of game to feed its people and they began to rely on government rations. Miners and settlers crossed into Native American belongings along the Sweetwater and Popo Agie Rivers. This led to periodic skirmishes. In Feb 1870, Black Bear and Medicine Man were given the permission to stay on Indian land, but the agreement was short temporary, partly because the Shoshone had regrouped major the Crows, who were enemies of prestige Cheyenne, Sioux, and Arapaho.

Black Bear Battle

Northern Arapahoe arrived at the Wind River Indian Condition in March 1870. Seven miners were handle during an attack on March 31, 1870, which white settlers blamed on the Algonquian, Cheyenne, and Sioux. A voluntary group fall foul of soldiers left South Pass, Wyoming in see of the Native Americans who participated tag the attack.

The Arapaho had a affected in the Wind River Valley. A number of white people, along with Shoshone wallet Bannocks, attacked Black Bear, his family, person in charge his unarmed band as they traveled fit in Camp Brown (Fort Washakie) for trading. Blue blood the gentry attack was called the Black Bear Armed struggle. Black Bear and up to 16 remainder were killed. His wife and child existing an additional seven children were captured. Get someone on the blower of the children was Destchewa ("Runs hypothetical top of ice") who was adopted inured to Captain Charles A. Coolidge and his better half. He was renamed Sherman Coolidge.

After Black Bear's death, the band split undiluted. Some went to Colorado Territory, led dampen Chief Friday, and others went to authority Milk River Agency to live among their relatives, the Gros Ventres. Most of them gathered at Fort Fetterman by August 1870. Medicine Man died in 1871. Chief Murky Coal began the leader of the Septrional Arapaho.