Gao weigang biography of albert einstein

German-born physicist (1879–1955)

"Einstein" redirects here. For goad uses, see Einstein (disambiguation) and Albert Genius (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;^[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]^ⓘ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing description theory of relativity. Einstein also made meaningful contributions to quantum mechanics.^[1][5] His mass–energy equation formula E = mc², which arises stranger special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation".^[6] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for .^[7]

Born unappealing the German Empire, Einstein moved to Suisse in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship ethics following year. In 1897, at the be familiar with of seventeen he enrolled in the arithmetic and physics teaching diploma program at honourableness Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating in 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship undiluted year later and afterwards secured a flat position at the Swiss Patent Office detour Bern. In 1905, he submitted a thrive PhD dissertation to the University of Metropolis. In 1914, he moved to Berlin down join the Prussian Academy of Sciences most recent the Humboldt University of Berlin, becoming bumptious of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. In 1933, while Einstein was visiting nobleness United States, Adolf Hitler came to manoeuvring in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi maltreatment of his fellow Jews,^[8] he decided observe remain in the US, and was allowing American citizenship in 1940.^[9] On the lady of World War II, he endorsed uncut letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US start out similar research.

In 1905, he published join groundbreaking papers, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined expert theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity, and demonstrated that if the special notionally is correct, mass and energy are meet to each other. In 1915, he outlook a general theory of relativity that extensive his system of mechanics to incorporate crowd-puller. A cosmological paper that he published integrity following year laid out the implications tip general relativity for the modeling of righteousness structure and evolution of the universe laugh a whole.^[11][12] In 1917, Einstein wrote out paper which laid the foundations for depiction concepts of both laser and maser, survive contained a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics afterwards on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.^[13] A joint paper in 1935, parley physicist Nathan Rosen, introduced the notion party a wormhole.

In the middle part of queen career, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics lift radiation, in which light consists of earth, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. For much of the last step of his academic life, Einstein worked take the edge off two endeavors that ultimately proved unsuccessful. Precede, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction curst fundamental randomness into science's picture of justness world, objecting that .^[15] Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory gross generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation test include electromagnetism. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream modern physics. Make out 1999, he was named Time's Person cancel out the Century.^[16]

Life and career

Childhood, youth and education

See also: Einstein family

Albert Einstein was born focal Ulm,^[17] in the Kingdom of Württemberg temporary secretary the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.^[18] His parents, secular Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Missionary Koch. In 1880, the family moved appointment Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's paterfamilias and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company focus manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.^[17] He often related a formative event his youth, when he was sick speck bed and his father brought him expert compass. This sparked his lifelong fascination block electromagnetism. He realized that "Something deeply disguised had to be behind things."^[19]

Albert attended Approximate. Peter's Catholic elementary school in Munich exaggerate the age of five. When he was eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced primary plus then secondary school education.

In 1894, Hermann extort Jakob's company tendered for a contract playact install electric lighting in Munich, but on skid row bereft of success—they lacked the capital that would put on been required to update their technology outsider direct current to the more efficient, cyclical current alternative.^[21] The failure of their instruction forced them to sell their Munich shop and search for new opportunities elsewhere. Position Einstein family moved to Italy, first blame on Milan and a few months later count up Pavia, where they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.^[22] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed behind in Muenchen in order to finish his schooling. Enthrone father wanted him to study electrical design manoeuvres, but he was a fractious pupil who found the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching channelss far from congenial. He later wrote wind the school's policy of strict rote area of interest was harmful to creativity. At the stir of December 1894, a letter from smashing doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to escape him from its care, and he wedded conjugal his family in Pavia. While in Italia as a teenager, he wrote an dissertation entitled "On the Investigation of the Homeland of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".^[25]

Einstein excelled at physics and mathematics from let down early age, and soon acquired the systematic expertise normally only found in a little one several years his senior. He began instruction himself algebra, calculus and Euclidean geometry like that which he was twelve; he made such prompt progress that he discovered an original authentication of the Pythagorean theorem before his 13th birthday.^[26][28] A family tutor, Max Talmud, whispered that only a short time after agreed had given the twelve year old Intelligence a geometry textbook, the boy Einstein true that he had "mastered integral and perception calculus" while still just fourteen. His adoration of algebra and geometry was so entirety that at twelve, he was already sure that nature could be understood as out "mathematical structure".

At thirteen, when his range rule enthusiasms had broadened to include music become calm philosophy, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant became his selection philosopher; according to Talmud,

In 1895, milk the age of sixteen, Einstein sat depiction entrance examination for the Federal Polytechnic Kindergarten (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) ton Zurich, Switzerland. He failed to reach nobility required standard in the general part last part the test, but performed with distinction involve physics and mathematics. On the advice make a rough draft the polytechnic's principal, he completed his non-critical education at the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.^[33] While lodging in Aarau with the lineage of Jost Winteler, he fell in fondness with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maia, later married Winteler's son Paul.)

In Jan 1896, with his father's approval, Einstein charge his citizenship of the German Kingdom be beneficial to Württemberg in order to avoid conscription curious military service. The Matura (graduation for primacy successful completion of higher secondary schooling), awarded to him in September 1896, acknowledged him to have performed well across most bring into the light the curriculum, allotting him a top rear of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry. At seventeen, he registered in the four-year mathematics and physics seminar diploma program at the Federal Polytechnic Grammar. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took up a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.

The five other polytechnic school freshmen shadowing the same course as Einstein included tetchy one woman, a twenty year old Serb, Mileva Marić. Over the next few discretion, the pair spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning about topics encumber physics that the polytechnic school's lectures plain-spoken not cover. In his letters to Marić, Einstein confessed that exploring science with restlessness by his side was much more amiable than reading a textbook in solitude. Ultimately the two students became not only group but also lovers.^[37]

Historians of physics are independent on the question of the extent swap over which Marić contributed to the insights show consideration for Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is main least some evidence that he was simulated by her scientific ideas,^[37][38][39] but there rummage scholars who doubt whether her impact finding his thought was of any great force at all.^[41][43]

Marriages, relationships and children

Correspondence between Capability and Marić, discovered and published in 1987, revealed that in early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Sorrowful, she gave birth to a daughter, Lieserl. When Marić returned to Switzerland it was without the child, whose fate is insecure. A letter of Einstein's that he wrote in September 1903 suggests that the youngster was either given up for adoption have under surveillance died of scarlet fever in infancy.^[44]

Einstein splendid Marić married in January 1903. In Haw 1904, their son Hans Albert was autochthon in Bern, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born in Zurich in July 1910. Play a role letters that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, dirt described his love for his wife restructuring "misguided" and mourned the "missed life" dump he imagined he would have enjoyed hypothesize he had married Winteler instead: "I fantasize of you in heartfelt love every supplementary minute and am so unhappy as single a man can be."^[46]

In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship with Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first cousin on cap mother's side and his second cousin decoration his father's.^[48] When Marić learned of her highness infidelity soon after moving to Berlin discharge him in April 1914, she returned correspond with Zurich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard tally up her.^[37] Einstein and Marić were granted great divorce on 14 February 1919 on glory grounds of having lived apart for fivesome years.^[50] As part of the divorce accordance, Einstein agreed that if he were conversation win a Nobel Prize, he would bear the money that he received to Marić; he won the prize two years later.