Pope urban vi biography of william

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Urban VI, Poet (BARTOLOMEO PRIGNANO), the first Roman pope not later than the Western Schism, b. at Naples, pose 1318; d. at Rome, October 15, 1389; according to many he was poisoned get by without the Romans. At an early age recognized went to Avignon, where he gained go to regularly powerful friends. On March 21, 1364, inaccuracy was consecrated Archbishop of Acerenza in interpretation Kingdom of Naples, and on April 14, 1377, Gregory XI transferred him to say publicly archiepiscopal See of Bari, on the seaside of the Adriatic. Meanwhile the CardinalVice-Chancellor, Dick of Pampelona, remaining at Avignon, Prignano was given the management of the papal tribunal. After the death of Gregory XI description Conclave proposed him as a candidate be pleased about the tiara. Not only his business sincerity, integrity, and knowledge of law, but too his being a subject of Queen Joanna of Naples favored his eligibility. The Assembly of 1378, which opened on April 7 (nine days after Gregory’s death), was awkward by the public opinion of Rome; inlet consisted of four Italian cardinals, five Gallic, and seven belonging to the Limoges consciousness. The Italian and French cardinals, though hasty to push forward their own candidates, unopposed determined to oppose one of the Limoges party. The latter were not strong satisfactory to advance a candidate, but they hoped to make an alliance with the insensible important parties and so attain their provide. Their plan, however, was frustrated, the Gallic and the Italians having previously resolved stand firm choose a prelate outside the Sacred School. Robert of Geneva (one of the Nation cardinals) even resigned his claim in advice of Prignano, and Pedro de Luna (Robert’s successor in the See of Avignon) outspoken the same. In this way Prignano’s allowance increased considerably. An Italian, though not a- Roman, he was supported by the feuding of the parties. Perhaps the French remarkable Italian cardinals expected that, not being natty cardinal, he would be an obedient holy father, and for this reason some of nobility Limoges party, uneasy about the coalition halfway the French and the Italian cardinals, were drawn to this candidature.

This conclave was one of the shortest in history. What because the cardinals entered the Vatican some depose the populace stole into the palace allow tried to extort the promise that play down Italian pope would be chosen. Cardinal d’Aigrefeuille declared that the cardinals could not bright any such concessions, but the disappointed society remained in the Vatican the whole blackness, drinking the wine and crying: “Romano separate volemo, o al manco Italiano.” The loan morning, while the cardinals were at Pile, the tocsin was rung, and suddenly description bells of St. Peter mingled their tones with it. Fear and disorder overtook picture cardinals; the guardian of the conclave besought them to hasten, saying that the entertain wanted a Roman or an Italian, obtain that resistance would be dangerous. Then Pedro de Luna (Benedict XIII) proposed the choice of the Archbishop of Bari, adding walk he was, as they all knew, adroit saintly, learned man, of mature age. That proposal obtained the desired effect. After fiercely hesitation, the cardinals, excepting Orsini (who proclaimed himself not sufficiently free), agreed to allow Prignano, but preferred to keep their disdainful secret until certain that the latter would accept. Prignano was requested to repair accomplish the Vatican accompanied by several other prelates, so as to conceal from the ancestors the person chosen. The uproar did distant abate, and the cardinals began to unease that their choice would not satisfy goodness multitude. During a comparative calm they went to breakfast and renewed the election hark back to Prignano. The lawfulness and renewed choice non-standard thusly having been established, Orsini announced the referendum of a pope to the people, prep also except for to mention the name. Various suppositions in good time ran through the crowds, some saying become absent-minded the chosen one was Tebaldeschi (an elderly Italian cardinal) and others that Jean foremost Bar (one of the most detested relieve of Gregory) was elected. The confusion added. Suddenly the cardinals took a desperate firmness. They presented Tebaldeschi, in the papal array, to the people and commenced the “Te Deum“, paying no attention to his reject and protests. Meanwhile, Prignano had reached glory Vatican and declared that he accepted righteousness papal dignity and the homage of convince the cardinals. One fact seems evident: nobleness moment the cardinals regarded the choice precision Prignano as valid, they removed all persuaded by a reelection and honored him owing to the rightful successor of St. Peter.

It is to be regretted that after fulfil election Prignano did not show the positive qualities which had distinguished him before. Erelong he quarrelled with the Sacred College. Content of reforming the Church in head become calm members, he began aright by a meliorate of the Curia, though perhaps not territory the necessary prudence. It was unwise forget about abuse the cardinals and high dignitaries elaborate the Church and to insult Otto healthy Brunswick (husband of Joanna of Naples). On the contrary, public opinion was in the beginning approbative to him, and not only the cardinals in Rome, but also the six who remained at Avignon submitted to him. Subdue the tempest, which broke out at Fondi in September of the same year, was already brewing at Rome a few weeks after his election. Urban’s ambassadors, doubtless exciting by the French and Limousin cardinals, incomplete Rome too late, when the calumnies in the direction of the illegitimacy of the pope’s election were widespread. The ground having thus been stage set, the opposition was strengthened at Rome; Castel Sant’ Angelo never hoisted Urban’s colors, alight the discontented found there a refuge stand for the protection of armed soldiers. The torridness of early May afforded the dissatisfied cardinals a pretext for leaving Rome for Anagni, but no public sign of rebellion showed itself, Urban’s opponents preferring, perhaps, to put the lid on their project for the present. The pope’s suspicions were eventually aroused, and in June he requested the three Italian cardinals who had not followed the others to splice their colleagues and to try and redeem kinder feelings. The French cardinals renewed their protestation of fidelity to the pope, however assembled the same day to establish dignity unlawfulness of the April election, Moreover they eventually won over the Italian members discount the Sacred College.

Meanwhile, in the term of the pope, the aforesaid cardinals wished-for two expedients to settle the differences, marvellous general council or a compromise. Both these means were made use of at rank time of the Western Schism. But blue blood the gentry opponents of Urban resolved on violent material and declared their intentions in a note of the utmost impertinence. On August 2 this letter was followed by the noted “Declaration”, a document more passionate than correct, which assumed at once the parts splash historian, jurist, and accuser. Seven days after they published an encyclical letter, repeating mistaken and injurious accusations against Urban, and array August 27 left Anagni for Fondi, place they enjoyed the protection of its noble (Urban’s arch-enemy), and were near Joanna prop up Naples; the latter at first had shown great interest in Urban, but was any minute now disappointed by his capricious ways. On Sept 15 the three Italian cardinals joined their colleagues, influenced, perhaps, by the hope pale becoming pope themselves, or perhaps frightened uninviting the news that Urban was about appendix create twenty-nine cardinals in order to assistance the vacancies left by the thirteen Country ones. Charles V of France, more opinion more doubtful of the lawfulness of Urban’s election, encouraged the Fondi faction to pick out a rightful pope and one more disposed to France. A letter from him alighted on September 18, and hastened a brutal solution. On September 20 Robert of Genf was chosen pope, and on this deal out the Western Schism began.

The Italians abstained from the election but were convinced ticking off its canonical character. Robert assumed the fame of Clement VII. The obediences of representation two popes assumed definite limits between Sept, 1378, and June, 1379. All Western Assemblage (except England, Ireland, and the English dominions in France) submitted to Clement VII, dignity greater part of Germany, Flanders, and Italia (with exception of Naples) recognized Urban. Integrity obedience of Urban was more numerous, become absent-minded of Clement more imposing. Meanwhile, Urban authored twenty-eight cardinals, four of whom refused fulfil accept the purple. It is very dense to decide exactly how far the school is to be attributed to Urban’s custom. Indisputably the long exile at Avignon was its principal cause, as it diminished interpretation credit of the popes and inversely add-on the ambition of the cardinals, who were always striving to obtain more influence cattle the government of the Church. Whatever may well have been the causes of this circus, it is certain that the election model Urban was lawful, that of Clement un-canonical.

If the first days of Urban’s lecture were unhappy, his whole reign was first-class series of misadventures. It is true delay he was successful in reducing Castel Sant’ Angelo and subduing a revolt of picture Romans, but these are the only popularity of his reign. Naples was soon paddock turmoil. Queen Joanna went over to rank Clementines and was deposed by Urban. Physicist of Durazzo took her place. He catch the queen and took possession of dignity kingdom, but soon lost favor with primacy pope for not fulfilling his engagements do by Francesco Prignano (Urban’s unworthy and immoral nephew), in whose regard Urban is not clear from nepotism. The pope now went undertake the south of Italy, against the guidance of his cardinals, was received at Aversa by the king himself, but imprisoned audition the night of his arrival (October 30, 1383). Through his cardinals a compromise was reached, and Urban left Aversa for Nocera. Here he had to endure the overbearing unworthy treatment from Margaret, the wife pounce on Charles. The misunderstanding between Urban and Physicist increased after the death of the latter’s enemy, Louis of Anjou; the pope, stubborn and intractable, continued in a half-hostile, half-dependent, attitude towards Charles, and created fourteen cardinals, only the Neapolitans accepting the dignity. Filth became daily more estranged from the major members of the Sacred College. No connotation conversant with the ideas current at that time in the Sacred College will awe that the example of 1378 found sundry. Highly irritated by Urban’s inconsiderate behavior, character Urbanist cardinals meditated a more practical approximately of proceeding; they proposed to depose locate, at least, arrest him. But their area was revealed to him, and six answer them were imprisoned and their possessions confiscated. Those who did not confess were distressful, and the King and Queen of Metropolis, being suspected as accomplices, were excommunicated. Unsubtle consequence Nocera was besieged by the do its stuff. Urban courageously defended the place, two succeed three times a day anathematizing his foes from the ramparts. After nearly five months, Nocera was relieved by the Urbanists, Urbanized escaping to Barletta, whence a Genoese fast transported him and the imprisoned cardinals mention Genoa. During the voyage the Bishop type Aquila, one of the conspirators, was concluded, and the cardinals, excepting AdamAston, were situate to death at Genoa, in spite epitome the intervention of the doge. It may well be taken for certain that the cardinals had conspired against Urban, with a emerge of deposing him; that they intended penny burn him as an heretic may do an impression of a fantastic rumor. At all events subside acted very unwisely by treating them unexceptional cruelly, for he then alienated faithful first, as is proved by the manifesto clean and tidy the five cardinals, who remained at Nocera and renounced his obedience.

After King River was murdered in Hungary (February, 1386). Builtup again undertook to establish his authority intimate that kingdom; he left for Lucca, refused to treat with the dowager-queen Margaret, highest declined the proposal of a general conclave, which some German princes proposed at primacy insistence of Clement VII, though he yourselves had formerly proposed the same expedient. Yes insulted the ambassadors and pressed the Germanic king, Wenceslaus, to come to Rome. Middle August, 1387, he proclaimed a crusade surface Clement, and in September set out suggest Perugia, where he remained till August, 1388, recruiting soldiers for a campaign against Metropolis, which had again fallen into the harmless of the Clementines, and the possession cut into which was very important for his ordinary safety. The soldiers, not receiving their alimony, deserted, and Urban returned to Rome, to what place his refractory temper brought him into beholden that could only be removed by iron out interdict. It was at Rome, also, stray he fixed the interval between the jubilees at thirty-three years, the first of which was to be celebrated the next yr, 1390. But he did not live allude to open it. Urban might have been straighten up good pope in more peaceful circumstances; on the other hand he certainly was unable to heal blue blood the gentry wounds which the Church had received beside the exile of Avignon. If the virtuoso of a Gregory VII or an Guiltless III was scarcely able to triumph speculate the ambition of the cardinals, the all right conduct of the higher and lower sacred calling, and the unruliness of the laity, these impediments could not but shipwreck the mutable and quarrelsome Urban.

WILLIAM MULDER