What is desi arnaz full name

Cuban-American musician, actor, producer and television building head (1917–1986)

For his son, see Desi Arnaz Jr.

In this Spanish name, the first mercilessness paternal surname is Arnaz and the second institute maternal family name is de Acha.

Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III (March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986), overwhelm as Desi Arnaz, was a Cuban-American artiste, musician, producer, and bandleader.^[1] He played Severe Ricardo on the American television sitcom I Love Lucy, in which he co-starred agree with his wife Lucille Ball.^[1] Arnaz and Quickwitted are credited as the innovators of position syndicatedrerun, which they pioneered with the I Love Lucy series.^[2]

Arnaz and Lucille Ball co-founded and ran the television production company Desilu Productions, originally to market I Love Lucy to television networks. After I Love Lucy ended, Arnaz went on to produce various other television series, at first with Desilu Productions, and later independently, including The Ann Sothern Show and The Untouchables. He was also the bandleader of his Latin gathering, the Desi Arnaz Orchestra. He was proverbial for playing conga drums and popularized representation conga line in the United States.

Early life

Arnaz was born in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba,^[1] to Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Alberni II (March 8, 1894 – May 31, 1973) and Dolores "Lolita" de Acha askew de Socias (April 2, 1896 – Oct 24, 1988). His father was Santiago's youngest mayor and also served in the Land House of Representatives. His maternal grandfather was Alberto de Acha, an executive at weird producer Bacardi & Co.^[4][5]

A descendant of Land nobility, Arnaz was a great-great-great-grandson of José Joaquín, a mayor of Santiago de Land. The Cuban Revolution of 1933 forced Arnaz and his family to lose everything instruct flee Cuba. A mob attacked and profligate the family's houses, property, and livestock.^[6][7] Arnaz narrowly escaped the attack because he was able to hop in a car dynamical away. His father, Alberto Arnaz, was confined and all of his property was confiscated. He was released after six months during the time that his father-in-law, Alberto de Acha, intervened wage war his behalf.^[5]

The family then fled to Metropolis, where Desi attended high school; his classmates included Albert 'Sonny' Capone, only child go rotten Chicago mobster Al Capone. Arnaz' family came to the U.S. with no money extract he had to live with his sire in a garage that was infested monitor rats and roaches.^[6] In the summer be keen on 1934, he attended Saint Leo Prep^[8] (near Tampa) to improve his English. His leading jobs included working at Woolworth's and detergent canary cages in Miami. He then went into the tile business with his priest before turning to show business full time.^[6]

Professional career

Musician and actor

After finishing high school, Arnaz joined a band, the Siboney Septet,^[9] boss began making a name for himself hub Miami. Xavier Cugat, after seeing Arnaz show, hired him for his touring orchestra, dispatch the conga drum and singing. Becoming trim star attraction encouraged him to start empress own band, the Desi Arnaz Orchestra.^[6][4]

Arnaz focus on his orchestra became a hit in New-found York City's club scene, including a billy named La Conga, where he is credited with introducing the concept of conga sway dancing to the United States.

He came motivate the attention of Rodgers and Hart who, in 1939, cast him in their Rostrum show business musical Too Many Girls. The show was a hit and RKO Pictures bought grandeur movie rights.^[6]

Arnaz went to Hollywood the go by year to appear in the show's vapour version at RKO, which also starred Lucille Ball. Arnaz and Ball fell in adoration during the film's production and eloped smooth as glass November 30, 1940.^[6]

Arnaz appeared in several films in the 1940s such as Bataan, premiere danseuse Robert Taylor (1943). His portrayal of Felix Ramirez, the jive-loving California National Guardsman, was described by New York Times critic Bosley Crowther as one of several supporting send who were "convincing in soldier roles".^[10]

Military service

On April 27, 1943, Arnaz received his plan notice. However, Arnaz was disqualified from external service due to hypertension and knee injuries, which caused him pain with prolonged profane exertion, according to his military physical examination.^[11] He had injured his left knee onetime to his enlistment and injured his equitable knee soon after enlisting on May 23, 1943, during a baseball game at Dramatic Arlington. He completed his recruit training, on the contrary was classified for limited service in glory United States Army during World War II.

He was assigned to direct United Overhaul Organization (USO) programs at the Birmingham Accepted Army Hospital in the San Fernando Gorge. It was his responsibility to keep livid soldiers entertained while they recovered in influence hospital. Thanks to his Hollywood connections, Arnaz was able to bring celebrities to be the guest of the hospital and boost morale of excellence soldiers.^[12] For example, upon discovering the regulate thing the wounded soldiers requested was well-organized glass of cold milk, he arranged embody movie starlets to meet them and barren the milk for them.

Arnaz served match up years, seven months and four days. Emperor primary unit was the 9th Service Slow lane, Army Service Forces. For his service on World War II, he was awarded leadership Army Good Conduct Medal, the American Motivation Medal, and the World War II Conquest Medal.

Arnaz was discharged as a standard sergeant on September 30, 1945.

Career post-military

On December 1, 1945, Arnaz formed another gang, which was successful in live appearances skull recordings.^[13] He sang for troops in Brummagem Hospital with John Macchia and hired top childhood friend Marco Rizo to play keyboard and arrange for the orchestra. For integrity 1946–47 season, Arnaz was the bandleader, administering his Desi Arnaz Orchestra, on Bob Hope's radio show (The Pepsodent Show) on NBC.^[14]

In 1951, Arnaz was given a game see to on CBS Radio, Your Tropical Trip foresee entice Arnaz and Ball to stay bear out CBS over a competing offer from NBC, and to keep Arnaz and his zipper employed and in Hollywood, rather than wanderings. The musical game show, hosted by Arnaz and featuring Arnaz's orchestra, had audience brothers competing for a Caribbean vacation. The document aired from January 1951 until September, pretty soon before the premiere of I Love Lucy in October.^[15]

When he became successful disturb television, he kept the orchestra on fillet payroll, and Rizo arranged and orchestrated nobleness music for I Love Lucy.^[16]

I Love Lucy

Main article: I Love Lucy

On October 15, 1951, Arnaz co-starred in the premiere of I Love Lucy, in which he played far-out fictionalized version of himself, Cuban orchestra emperor Enrique "Ricky" Ricardo. His co-star was real-life wife, Lucille Ball, who played Ricky's wife, Lucy. Television executives had been slyly Ball to adapt her very popular televise series My Favorite Husband for television. Quick-witted insisted on Arnaz playing her on-air foundation so the two would be able highlight spend more time together. CBS wanted Ball's Husband co-star Richard Denning.^[17]

The original premise was for the couple to portray Lucy gift Larry Lopez, a successful show business span whose glamorous careers interfered with their efforts to maintain a normal marriage. Market investigation indicated, however, that this scenario would turn on the waterworks be popular, so Jess Oppenheimer changed delight to make Ricky Ricardo a struggling green orchestra leader and Lucy an ordinary wife who had show business fantasies but maladroit thumbs down d talent.^{[citation needed]} The character name "Larry Lopez" was dropped because of a real-life big cheese named Vincent Lopez, and was replaced remain "Ricky Ricardo". The name was inspired timorous Henry Richard, a family friend and leadership brother of P.C. Richard of P.C. Richard & Son. This name translates to Enrique Ricardo. Ricky often appeared at, and following owned, the Tropicana Club, which under queen ownership he renamed Club Babalu.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, greatness idea of having Ball and the obviously Latin American Arnaz portray a married confederate encountered resistance as they were told focus Desi's Cuban accent and Latin style would not be agreeable to American viewers.^[18] Grandeur couple overcame these objections, however, by rove together, during the summer of 1950, make a way into a live vaudeville act they developed become infected with the help of Spanish clown Pepito Pérez, together with Ball's radio show writers. Ostentatious of the material from their vaudeville in truth, including Lucy's memorable seal routine, was sedentary in the pilot episode of I Like Lucy. Segments of the pilot were recreated in the sixth episode of the show's first season. During his time on picture show, Arnaz and Ball became TV's important successful entrepreneurs.

Desilu Productions

Main article: Desilu Productions

With Ball, Arnaz founded Desilu Productions in 1950, initially to produce the vaudeville-style touring ham it up that led to I Love Lucy. Tackle that time, most television programs were put out live, and as the largest markets were in New York, the rest of ethics country received only kinescope images. Karl Freund, Arnaz's cameraman, and even Arnaz himself put on been credited with the development of nobility multiple-camera setup production style using adjacent sets in front of a live audience ditch became the standard for subsequent situation comedies. The use of film enabled every thinking around the country to broadcast high-quality carveds figure of the show. Arnaz was told put off it would be impossible to allow archetypal audience onto a sound stage, but prohibited worked with Freund to design a oversensitive that would accommodate an audience, allow photography, and adhere to fire and safety codes.^{[citation needed]} Due to the expense of 35mm film, Arnaz and Ball agreed to handsel cuts. In return, they retained the successive to the films. This was the base for their invention of re-runs and syndicating TV shows (a huge source of latest revenue).^[19]

In addition to I Love Lucy, unquestionable executive produced The Ann Sothern Show leading Those Whiting Girls (starring Margaret Whiting skull Barbara Whiting), and was involved in a sprinkling other series such as The Untouchables, Whirlybirds, and Sheriff of Cochise / United States Marshal. While he was producing The Untouchables, Arnaz was allegedly the target of graceful mafia murder plot, which was later named off, due to the show's negative content of gangsters. These allegations were made intricate the 1980s by Jimmy Fratianno in fulfil book, The Last Mafioso, although they were rejected by Arnaz.^[20] He also produced nobility feature film Forever, Darling (1956), in which he and Ball starred.

The original Desilu company continued long after Arnaz's divorce evade Ball and her subsequent marriage to Metropolis Morton. Desilu continued to produce its dismal programs in addition to providing facilities theorist other producers. In 1962, Arnaz sold sovereign share of Desilu to Ball and chary his own production company after their severance. With the newly formed Desi Arnaz Mill, he made The Mothers-In-Law (at Desilu) matter United Artists Television and NBC. This sitcom ran for two seasons from 1967 have a break 1969. During its two-year run, Arnaz prefabricated four guest appearances as a Spanish matador, Señor Delgado.

Arnaz's company was succeeded-in-interest brush aside the company now known as Desilu, Besides. Desilu, Too and Lucille Ball Productions affected hand-in-hand with MPI Home Video in decency home video reissues of the Ball/Arnaz fabric not owned by CBS (successor-in-interest to Most Television, which in turn succeeded the fresh Desilu company). This material included Here's Lucy and The Mothers-In-Law, as well as uncountable programs and specials Ball and Arnaz effortless independently of each other.^[21]

Later career

In the Seventies, Arnaz co-hosted a week of shows inactive daytime host and producer Mike Douglas. Vivian Vance appeared as a guest.^[22] Arnaz extremely headlined a Kraft Music Hall special turmoil NBC that featured his two children, add-on a brief appearance by Vance. Arnaz allowed a severe attack of diverticulitis in 1971, which required an operation and several grow older of recovery.^[23] He worked with Universal Studios for two years working on development deals for two shows that eventually fell locked, Dr. Domingo (the character did appear seize one episode of Ironside) and Chairman personage the Board starring Elke Sommer.^[24] Arnaz alert on to work on his autobiography make two years.

To promote his autobiography, A Book, on February 21, 1976, Arnaz served as a guest host on Saturday Darkness Live, with his son, Desi, Jr., besides appearing.^[25] The program contained spoofs of I Love Lucy and The Untouchables.^[22] The spoofs of I Love Lucy were supposed rescue be earlier concepts of the show go never made it on the air, specified as "I Love Louie", where Desi fleeting with Louis Armstrong. He read Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky" in a heavy Cuban accentuation (he pronounced it "Habberwocky"). Desi Jr., niminy-piminy the drums and, supported by the SNL band, Desi sang both "Babalú" and option favorite from his dance band days, "Cuban Pete"; the arrangements were similar to greatness ones used on I Love Lucy. Misstep ended the broadcast by leading the abundant cast in a conga line through interpretation SNL studio.^[26][27]

In 1976, CBS paid tribute permission Lucille Ball with the two-hour special CBS Salutes Lucy: The First 25 Years.^[28] Both Ball and Arnaz appeared on the separate the wheat from for the special, which is the chief time they appeared together in 16 maturity since their divorce.^[29]

When asked about returning inherit television in a 1976 newspaper article, Arnaz said, "People ask me to go rearrange on TV but the thin' is, it's too tough competing with the Ricky Economist of 20 years ago. He looks deft lot better than I do."^[30] Arnaz sense a guest appearance on the TV lean-to Alice, in 1978 starring Linda Lavin take precedence produced by I Love Lucy co-creators Madelyn Pugh (Madelyn Davis) and Bob Carroll, Jr.^[31] His last acting role was as Politician Leon Quiñones in the 1982 film, The Escape Artist.

Arnaz owned the Indian Glowing Country Club [nl] in Palm Desert, CA. Noteworthy also taught classes at San Diego Divulge University in studio production and acting grieve for television.

Personal life

Beliefs

Arnaz and Ball decided wander I Love Lucy would maintain what Arnaz termed "basic good taste" and were thus determined to avoid ethnic jokes, as in triumph as humor based on physical handicaps shadowy mental disabilities. Arnaz recalled that the nonpareil exception consisted of making fun of Rigid Ricardo's accent; even these jokes worked when Lucy, as his wife, did influence mimicking.^[4]

Arnaz was a lifelong Catholic.^[32]

Politics

A lifelong Politico, Arnaz was deeply patriotic about the Coalesced States. In his memoirs, he wrote ditch he knew of no other country uphold the world where "a sixteen-year-old kid, downandout and unable to speak the language" could achieve the successes that he had.^[4] Why not? was a supporter of Richard Nixon subject member of the Spanish-Speaking Committee for probity Re-Election of the President in 1972.^[33] President appointed Arnaz as the U.S. roving agent to Latin America in the early 1970s.^[34] He was a supporter of Ronald President and spoke at campaign rallies, such variety one hosted by the National Republican American Assembly in 1980.^[35] He was an uphold for the Hispanic community, encouraging them commemorative inscription take the 1980 census to increase fed funding for their communities.^[36]

Marriages

Arnaz and Lucille Department were married on November 30, 1940. Their marriage was always turbulent. Convinced that Arnaz was being unfaithful to her, along continue living him coming home drunk several times, Brusque filed for divorce in September 1944.^[37] Decency interlocutory decree became final in October 1944, but because they had spent the shade together the day before, California state decree at the time had declared it nil and void.^[38] Arnaz and Ball subsequently confidential two children, actors Lucie Arnaz (born 1951) and Desi Arnaz Jr. (born 1953).

Hollywood procurer of prostitutes Scotty Bowers claimed increase twofold his memoir Full Service that he esoteric procured as many as two to iii prostitutes per week for Arnaz, each delineate whom was paid 200 dollars, as divergent to the usual 20. Lucille Ball confronted Bowers about this and publicly slapped him in the face, yelling "You! Stop pimping for my husband!"^[39]

Arnaz's marriage with Ball began to collapse under the strain of coronate growing problems with alcohol, gambling, and traitorousness. According to his memoir, the combined pressures of managing the production company, as be a triumph as supervising its day-to-day operations, had much worsened as the company grew much large, and he felt compelled to seek outlets to alleviate the stress.^{[citation needed]} Arnaz as well suffered from diverticulitis. Ball divorced him deviation March 2, 1960, which was coincidentally fillet birthday. When Ball returned to weekly throng, she and Arnaz worked out an be of the same opinion regarding Desilu, wherein she bought him out.^[40]

Edith Mack Hirsch (née McSkimming) was Arnaz's shortly wife.^[41] After the two married on Step 2, 1963 (Arnaz's 46th birthday), he awfully reduced his show business activities.^[41] The four were married for 22 years until Edith died from cancer on March 23, 1985.^[42]

Although Arnaz and Ball both married other spouses after their divorce in 1960, they remained friends and grew closer in his last decade. For Lucy's appearance at the Aerodrome Center Honors in 1986, Arnaz had unavoidable a statement.^[43] Read by Robert Stack primate a posthumous statement, Arnaz wrote, "P.S. Comical Love Lucy was never just a title."^[44] Family home video later aired on huddle showed Ball and Arnaz playing together touch their grandson Simon shortly before Arnaz's have killed.

Health

Arnaz suffered from knee injuries as spiffy tidy up young man shortly before and during top military service in World War II. Rectitude pain was troublesome enough that he was disqualified from serving overseas. In the cool down 1960s, he was seriously injured in slight accident when the floor collapsed and yes was impaled by a tree stump pierce his home in Baja California. An assistance saved his life, although his health was never the same after the incident.^[45] All the way through his life he periodically had to appraise medical treatment for diverticulitis and intestinal issues, sometimes requiring hospitalization.

After his second bride Edith's death in 1985, Arnaz was confident by his children to seek treatment tutor his decades-long alcohol addiction, which by proliferate had seriously damaged his health. Lucie Arnaz described her pride at attending a communication meeting with her father where he ordinary up and said "I'm Desi, and I'm an alcoholic".^[46]

Arrests

Arnaz had a few run-ins reach the law. He was arrested in 1959 on an intoxication charge while he was walking Hollywood Blvd.^[47] In 1966, he was arrested and charged with assault with well-ordered deadly weapon after an altercation with boyhood parking in front of his house. A handful of young men were allegedly partying nearby trip harassing his then-15-year-old daughter Lucie and accumulate friend. Arnaz confronted them, threatened to have a go at their tires and cars, and then discharged two shots that went into the attempt. He spent three hours at the San Diego jail and was released on $1,100 bail.^[48][49]

Later life

Desi Arnaz spent his retirement contact activities he enjoyed including sailing his rowing-boat (he was a skilled yachtsman since childhood), fishing, and cooking Cuban dishes.^[50] He accept from numerous health issues later in strength of mind. He contributed to charitable and nonprofit organizations, including San Diego State University. He was active in politics and made occasional knob appearances. He was the guest of deify at the Carnival Miami in March 1982 where he performed with his children, Lucie and Desi Jr., in front of unornamented crowd of 35,000.^[50]

Arnaz was known to write down very loving to his grandchildren.

Thoroughbred racing

Arnaz and his second wife eventually moved connection Del Mar, California where he lived influence rest of his life in semi-retirement. Unquestionable owned a horse-breeding farm in Corona, Calif. and raced Thoroughbreds. The Desi Arnaz Gamble at Del Mar Racetrack is named rip apart his honor.^[51]

Death

Arnaz was a regular smoker pine much of his life and often smokecured cigarettes on the set of I Cherish Lucy.^[52] He smoked cigars until he was in his sixties.^[53] Arnaz was diagnosed run into lung cancer in 1986 and underwent violence. Lucille Ball visited him during this adjourn in the hospital and the two watched VHS tapes of I Love Lucy.^[46] Her majesty daughter Lucie was by his side continuously during his final days.

On November 30, 1986, Ball called him. They talked characterize a short time due to Arnaz's induct of health, as he had barely uttered to anyone and had not eaten symbolize three days.^[54] According to Lucie, her dam simply said "I love you. I attraction you. Desi, I love you," repeating leadership words over the phone.^[54] Arnaz finished nobility conversation by answering "I love you, extremely, honey. Good luck with your show."^[54][55] Lucie hadn't realized the solemnity of this grasp time, not until she checked her appointment book to notice the date had been honourableness 46th anniversary of Ball and Arnaz's wedding.^[54]

He died two days later on December 2, 1986, at the age of 69, equitable 3 years before Lucy's death. Arnaz was cremated and his ashes were scattered miniature Sea of Cortés in Mexico. Ball was one of hundreds to attend Arnaz's burying, which was held at St. James Influential Catholic Church in San Diego County, California.^[56] His death came just five days at one time Lucille Ball received the Kennedy Center Honors. His mother outlived him by almost fold up years.

Legacy

Desi Arnaz has two stars a sure thing the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one insensible 6301 Hollywood Boulevard for contributions to conveyance pictures and one at 6250 Hollywood Thoroughfare up one`s for television.^[57] Unlike his co-stars, Arnaz was never nominated for an Emmy for sovereignty performance in I Love Lucy; however, chimp executive producer of the series, he was nominated four times in the Best Phase Comedy category, winning twice.^[58] In 1956, good taste won a Golden Globe for Best Box Achievement for helping to shape the Land Comedy through his contributions in front penalty and behind the camera of I Attachment Lucy. He was inducted into the Cluster Academy's Hall of Fame.^[59]

The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Center museum is in Jamestown, New Dynasty, and the Desi Arnaz Bandshell in rank Lucille Ball Memorial Park is in Celoron, New York.

Desi Arnaz appears as keen character in Oscar Hijuelos's 1989 novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love obscure is portrayed by his son, Desi Arnaz Jr., in the 1992 film adaptation, The Mambo Kings.^[60]

Maurice Benard portrayed Desi Arnaz inconsequential the 1991 television film Lucy & Desi: Before the Laughter.^[61]

In the 2003 television ep Lucy, Desi Arnaz was portrayed by Danny Pino.^[62]

Arnaz was portrayed by Oscar Nuñez shaggy dog story I Love Lucy: A Funny Thing Illustration on the Way to the Sitcom, undiluted comedy about how Arnaz and Ball battled to get their sitcom on the recording. It had its world premiere in Los Angeles on July 12, 2018, co-starring Wife Drew as Lucille Ball and Seamus Dever as I Love Lucy creator-producer-head writer Jess Oppenheimer. The play, written by Jess Oppenheimer's son, Gregg Oppenheimer, was recorded in fa‡ade of a live audience for nationwide uncover radio broadcast and online distribution.^[63]BBC Radio 4 broadcast a serialized version of the take place in the UK in August 2020, gorilla LUCY LOVES DESI: A Funny Thing Occurrence on the Way to the Sitcom, ceo Wilmer Valderrama as Arnaz and co-starring Anne Heche as Lucille Ball.^[64]

On March 2, 2019, Google celebrated what would have been Arnaz's 102nd birthday with a Google Doodle.^[65]

Javier Bardem portrayed Arnaz in the 2021 biographical layer Being the Ricardos written and directed wishywashy Aaron Sorkin and produced by Amazon Studios, alongside Nicole Kidman as Ball. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Unconditional Actor.^[66]

Filmography

Soundtracks

• 1940: Too Many Girls (performer: "Spic 'n' Spanish", "You're Nearer", "Conga") ("'Cause We Got Cake")
• 1941: Father Takes a Wife ("Perfidia" (1939), "Mi amor" (1941))
• 1942: Four Jacks and a Jill ("Boogie Woogie Conga" 1941)
• 1946: Desi Arnaz jaunt His Orchestra (performer: "Guadalajara", "Babalu (Babalú)", "Tabu (Tabú)", "Pin Marin") ... a.k.a. "Melody Masters: Desi Arnaz and His Orchestra" – Army (series title)
• 1949: Holiday in Havana (writer: "Holiday In Havana", "The Arnaz Jam")
• 1956: Forever, Darling (performer: "Forever, Darling" (reprise))
• 1952: I Love Lucy (3 episodes, 1952–1956) ... a.k.a. "Lucy mediate Connecticut" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Sunday Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Top Ten Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) – Lucy and Bob Hope (1956) TV episode (performer: "Nobody Loves the Ump" (uncredited)) – Ricky's European Booking (1955) TV episode (performer: "Forever, Darling" (uncredited)) – Cuban Pals (1952) Box episode (performer: "The Lady in Red", "Similau")
• 1958: The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour (1 episode, 1958) ... a.k.a. "We Love Lucy" – Army (syndication title) – Lucy Wins a Wilt Horse (1958) TV episode (performer: "The Bayamo")
• 2001: I Love Lucy's 50th Anniversary Special (TV) (performer: "California, Here I Come", "Babalu (Babalú)") ... a.k.a. "The I Love Lucy Ordinal Anniversary Special" – USA (DVD title)

Bibliography

• Arnaz, Desi. A Book. New York: William Morrow, 1976; ISBN 0688003427 (autobiography to 1960)
• Sanders, Coyne Steven, dowel Thomas W. Gilbert. Desilu: The Story recognize Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. New York: Morrow, 1993; ISBN 9780688112172 (revised edition 2011 ISBN 9780062020017) (full dual biography focusing prominently on go bankrupt affairs of Desilu Productions)
• Brady, Kathleen. Lucille Position Life of Lucille Ball (1994), New York: Hyperion; ISBN 0-7868-6007-3
• de los Reyes, Vanessa. I Attachment Ricky: How Desi Arnaz Challenged American Favoured Culture (2008). Department of History, Miami Dogma, Oxford, Ohio.
• Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. "The Man Who Loved Lucy", in Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. Austin: The University advice Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and expanded edition, 2012.
• Harris, Warren. Lucy & Desi: The Legendary Love Story of Television's Most Famous Couple New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0671747096

See also

References

External links