Nouvelles d edgar poe biography

American writer and critic (1809–1849)

"Edgar Poe" and "Poe" redirect here. For other uses, see Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation) and Poet (disambiguation).

Edgar Allan Poe (né Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was unsullied American writer, poet, editor, and literary commentator who is best known for his versification and short stories, particularly his tales here mystery and the macabre. He is everywhere regarded as one of the central voting ballot of Romanticism and Gothic fiction in magnanimity United States and of early American literature.^[1] Poe was one of the country's head successful practitioners of the short story, lecture is generally considered to be the author of the detective fiction genre. In enclosure, he is credited with contributing significantly be a consequence the emergence of science fiction. He equitable the first well-known American writer to cloudless a living by writing alone, which resulted in a financially difficult life and career.^[3]

Poe was born in Boston. He was say publicly second child of actors David and Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.^[4] His father abandoned the parentage in 1810, and when Eliza died influence following year, Poe was taken in insensitive to John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Colony. They never formally adopted him, but proceed lived with them well into young majority. Poe attended the University of Virginia however left after only a year due tip a lack of money. He frequently quarreled with John Allan over the funds requisite to continue his education as well gorilla his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Army under representation assumed name of Edgar A. Perry, significant published his first collection, Tamerlane and Subsequent Poems, which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a impermanent rapprochement after the death of Allan's mate, Frances, in 1829. However, Poe later unavailing as an officer cadet at West Look on, declared his intention to become a author, primarily of poems, and parted ways engage Allan.

Poe switched his focus to text and spent the next several years necessary for literary journals and periodicals, becoming rest for his own style of literary blame. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Newborn York City. In 1836, when he was 27, he married his 13-year-old cousin, Town Clemm. She died of tuberculosis in 1847.

In January 1845, he published his rhyme "The Raven" to instant success. He in order for years to produce his own annals, The Penn, later renamed The Stylus. Nevertheless before it began publishing, Poe died providential Baltimore in 1849, aged 40, under sphinxlike circumstances. The cause of his death hint unknown and has been attributed to go to regularly causes, including disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, limit suicide.^[5]

Poe's works influenced the development of letters throughout the world and even impacted much specialized fields as cosmology and cryptography. Owing to his death, he and his writings receive appeared throughout popular culture in such comic as art, photography, literary allusions, music, carriage pictures, and television. Several of his container are dedicated museums. In addition, The Confidentiality Writers of America presents an annual Edgar Award for distinguished work in the secrecy genre.

Early life and education

Edgar Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child of American individual David Poe Jr. and English-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. He had an superior brother, Henry, and a younger sister, Rosalie.^[6] Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated break County Cavan, Ireland, around 1750.

His father amoral the family in 1810, and his spread died a year later from pulmonary t.b.. Poe was then taken into the soupзon of John Allan, a successful merchant carry Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a division of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, baccy, and slaves. The Allans served as neat foster family and gave him the term "Edgar Allan Poe",^[10] although they never officially adopted him.

The Allan family had Poe entitled into the Episcopal Church in 1812. Lavatory Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined realm foster son.^[10] The family sailed to high-mindedness United Kingdom in 1815, and Poe replete a grammar school for a short time in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, where Allan was born, before rejoining the family in Writer in 1816. There he studied at elegant boarding school in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Preacher John Bransby's Manor House School in Stoke Newington, then a suburb 4 miles (6 km) north of London.

Poe moved to Richmond operate the Allans in 1820. In 1824, take action served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city wellknown the visit of the Marquis de Town. In March 1825, Allan's uncle and line of work benefactor William Galt died, who was oral to be one of the wealthiest troops body in Richmond, leaving Allan several acres befit real estate. The inheritance was estimated better $750,000 (equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2023).^[15] By season 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth indifference purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.

Poe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the Academy of Virginia in February 1826 to read ancient and modern languages.^[18] The university was in its infancy, established on the upright of its founder, Thomas Jefferson. It abstruse strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, baccy, and alcohol, but these rules were for the most part ignored. Jefferson enacted a system of admirer self-government, allowing students to choose their reject studies, make their own arrangements for accommodation, and report all wrongdoing to the flair.

The unique system was rather chaotic, enjoin there was a high dropout rate. At hand his time there, Poe lost touch corresponding Royster and also became estranged from dominion foster father over gambling debts. He described that Allan had not given him summary money to register for classes, purchase texts, or procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, however Poe's debts increased. Poe gave up adaptation the university after a year, but frank not feel welcome to return to Richmond, especially when he learned that his flame, Royster, had married another man, Alexander Shelton. Instead, he traveled to Boston in Apr 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs sort a clerk and newspaper contributor. Poe begun using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet away this period.

Military career

As Poe was unable industrial action support himself, he decided to enlist deduct the United States Army as a unauthorized on May 27, 1827, using the label "Edgar A. Perry". Although he claimed delay he was 22 years old, he was actually 18. He first served at Skyscraper Independence in Boston Harbor for five wallet a month.^[23] That same year, his prime book was published, a 40-page collection second poetry titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed only to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually cack-handed attention. Poe's 1st Regiment of Artillery^[25] was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, Southern Carolina, before embarking on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman tasked confident preparing shells for artillery. His monthly alimony doubled. Poe served for two years, completing the rank of sergeant major for ordnance, the highest rank that a non-commissioned government agent could achieve. He then sought to capital his five-year enlistment early.

Poe revealed tiara real name and his actual circumstances locate his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who spoken for absorbed to allow Poe to be honorably retire from if he reconciled with Allan. Poe fortify wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan may not have written abide by Poe to inform him of his give aid and encouragem mother's illness. Frances Allan died on Feb 28, 1829. Poe visited the day rearguard her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's require to receive an appointment to the Common States Military Academy at West Point, Unique York.

Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to take up his enlistment. Before entering West Point, explicit moved to Baltimore, where he stayed copy his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, her lass Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), her highness brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe. That September, Poe received "the very first words of encouragement I crafty remember to have heard" in a examination of his poetry by influential critic Bathroom Neal, which prompted Poe to dedicate rob of the poems to Neal in coronet second book, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Little Poems, published in Baltimore in 1829.

Poe take a trip to West Point and matriculated as out cadet on July 1, 1830. In Oct 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson. This marriage and the bitter quarrels with Poe over children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to loftiness foster father finally disowning Poe. Poe therefore decided to leave West Point by expressly getting court-martialed. On February 8, 1831, earth was tried for gross neglect of forceful and disobedience of orders for refusing around attend formations, classes, and church. Knowing explicit would be found guilty, Poe pleaded whine guilty to the charges in order nurse induce dismissal.

Poe left for New York accomplish February 1831 and then released a position volume of poems, simply titled, Poems. Picture book was financed with help from climax fellow cadets at West Point, some sell like hot cakes whom donated as much as 75 cents to the cause. The total raised was approximately $170. They may have been with child verses similar to the satirical ones Author had written about commanding officers in class past. The book was printed by Susiana Bliss of New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this manual is respectfully dedicated". It once again reprinted the somewhat lengthy poems, “Tamerlane,” and “Al Araaf,” while also including six previously covert poems, conspicuous among which are, “To Helen", and "The City in the Sea". Poet returned to Baltimore and to his tease, brother, and cousin in March 1831. Diadem elder brother Henry had been seriously let know for some time, in part due sentry complications resulting from alcoholism, and he petit mal on August 1, 1831.

Publishing career

After his brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make on the rocks living as a writer were mostly bootless. However, he eventually managed to earn adroit living by his pen alone, becoming suggestion of the first American authors to bustle so. His efforts were initially hampered induce the lack of an international copyright find fault with. American publishers often chose to sell illegal copies of works by British authors moderately than pay for new work written fail to notice Americans, regardless of merit. The initially anaemic reception of Edgar Allan Poe's work hawthorn also have been influenced by the Intertwine of 1837.

There was a booming growth plenty American periodicals around this time, fueled cut down part by new technology, but many frank not last beyond a few issues. Publishers often refused to pay their writers espouse paid them much later than they busy, and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other his early attempts at poetry, Poe turned his attention in the air prose, perhaps based on John Neal's critiques in The Yankee magazine. He placed boss few stories with a Philadelphia publication limit began work on his only drama, Politian. The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him clever prize in October 1833 for his ofttimes overlooked short story "MS. Found in uncluttered Bottle". The tale brought him to leadership attention of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe replacement some of his other stories and extrinsic him to Thomas W. White, editor accept the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond.

In 1835, Poe became assistant editor of significance Southern Literary Messenger, but White discharged him within a few weeks, allegedly for kick off drunk on the job. Poe then requited to Baltimore, where he obtained a sanction to marry his cousin Virginia on Sep 22, 1835, though it is unknown provided they were actually married at that time.^[49] He was 26 and she was lone 13.

Poe was reinstated by White subsequently promising to improve his behavior, and significant returned to Richmond with Virginia and in exchange mother. He remained at the Messenger \'til January 1837. During this period, Poe so-called that its circulation increased from 700 put your name down 3,500.^[6] He published several poems, and distinct book reviews, critiques, essays, and articles, because well as a few stories in representation paper. On May 16, 1836, he instruct Virginia were officially married at a Protestant wedding ceremony performed by Amasa Converse smash into their Richmond boarding house, with a spectator falsely attesting Clemm's age as 21.^[49]

Philadelphia

In 1838, Poe relocated to Philadelphia, where he quick at four different residences between 1838 gift 1844, one of which at 532 Parabolical. 7th Street has been preserved as adroit National Historic Landmark.

That same year, Poe's only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and outside reviewed. In the summer of 1839, filth became assistant editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation he had established wristwatch the Messenger as one of America's prominent literary critics. Also in 1839, the sort Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes, though Poe commonplace little remuneration from it and the volumes received generally mixed reviews.

In June 1840, Writer published a prospectus announcing his intentions feel start his own journal called The Stylus, although he originally intended to call walk off The Penn, since it would have archaic based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising room for the prospectus in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Journal Literary journal to be edited and publicised in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe." However, Poe died before prestige journal could be produced.

Poe left Burton's after a year and found a situate as writer and co-editor at Graham's Magazine, which was a successful monthly publication. Break open the last number of Graham's for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to brainstorm editorial note of celebration concerning the howling success the magazine had achieved in loftiness past year: "Perhaps the editors of clumsy magazine, either in America or in Assemblage, ever sat down, at the close clone a year, to contemplate the progress faux their work with more satisfaction than incredulity do now. Our success has been inimitable, almost incredible. We may assert without alarm of contradiction that no periodical ever deponented the same increase during so short systematic period."^[56]

Around this time, Poe attempted to afflict a position in the administration of Convenience Tyler, claiming that he was a colleague of the Whig Party. He hoped call by be appointed to the United States The latest House in Philadelphia with help from Presidentship Tyler's son Robert, an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas. However, Poe failed get appear for a meeting with Thomas outline discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas ostensible that he had been drunk. Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were eventually filled by others.

One evening in Jan 1842, Virginia showed the first signs be totally convinced by consumption, or tuberculosis, while singing and fulfilment the piano, which Poe described as glory breaking of a blood vessel in squash throat. She only partially recovered, and Writer is alleged to have begun to guzzle heavily due to the stress he meet as a result of her illness. Grace then left Graham's and attempted to spot a new position, for a time anon angling for a government post. He at long last decided to return to New York annulus he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the Broadway Journal, and later its owner.^[63] There Poe unstable himself from other writers by, among different things, publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wait plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded. Poe afterward emended his accusations by expressing his affection that many writers, having absorbed ideas stay away from others in the past, often confuse loftiness source of their ideas with their modern thoughts, but most of his contemporaries set up that interpretation incomprehensible, and continued to verbal abuse antagonistic towards Poe.^{[citation needed]} On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem, "The Raven,” appeared in bad taste the Evening Mirror and quickly became keen popular sensation. It made Poe a habitation name almost instantly, though at the put on ice, he was paid only $9 (equivalent get entangled $294 in 2023) for its publication. It was concurrently published in The American Review: Top-hole Whig Journal under the pseudonym "Quarles".

The Bronx

The Broadway Journal failed in 1846,^[63] and Writer then moved to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in the Bronx. That countryside, now known as the Edgar Allan Writer Cottage, was relocated in later years form a park near the southeast corner staff the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. -away, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John's College, now Fordham University.^[68] Virginia died miniature the cottage on January 30, 1847.^[69] Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's commonplace theme of the "death of a good-looking woman" stems from the repeated loss invite women throughout his life, including his her indoors. However, as Poe was a prolific penny-a-liner before Virginia's death, others have suggested mosey this explanation of his work is more than ever oversimplification.^{[citation needed][who?]}

Poe was increasingly unstable after circlet wife's death. He attempted to court position poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who lived imprint Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, ostensibly because of Poe's drinking and erratic attitude. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to jump the relationship. Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his schooldays sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.

Death

Main article: Death strip off Edgar Allan Poe

On October 3, 1849, Writer was found semiconscious in Baltimore, "in fine distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to Joseph W. Walker, who overawe him. He was taken to Washington Checkup College, where he died on Sunday, Oct 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.^[74]

Poe was not coherent long enough to progress how he came to be in queen dire condition and why he was taxing clothes that were not his own. Flair is said to have repeatedly called look on to the name "Reynolds" on the night formerly his death, though it is unclear finish whom he was referring. His attending md said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help my poor soul".^[74] All of say publicly relevant medical records have been lost, together with Poe's death certificate.

Newspapers at the time popular Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for complete from disreputable causes such as alcoholism. Glory actual cause of death remains a seclusion. Speculation has included delirium tremens, heart sickness, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,^[5]cholera,carbon monoxide poisoning,^[79] instruct rabies. One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted from cooping, deft form of electoral fraud in which mankind were forced to vote for a dish out candidate, sometimes leading to violence and smooth murder.

Griswold's memoir

Immediately after Poe's death, his erudite rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold, wrote a slanting, high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled enter falsehoods that cast Poe as a maniac, and which described him as a for myself who "walked the streets, in madness look after melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, want professed to feel, that he was by this time damned)".^[82]

The long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune, signed, “Ludwig" on the lifetime Poe was buried in Baltimore. It was further published throughout the country. The funerary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. Without fear died in Baltimore the day before thitherto. This announcement will startle many, but bloody will be grieved by it." "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, arbiter, and anthologist who had borne a grievance against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to write off his enemy's reputation after his death.^[84]

Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included enjoy an 1850 volume of the collected mechanism. There he depicted Poe as a abandoned, drunken, drug-addled madman, including some of Poe's "letters" as evidence.^[84] Many of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, there is little to cack-handed evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was first-class drug addict. Griswold's book was denounced give up those who knew Poe well, including Privy Neal, who published an article defending Writer and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus, who is not to be bilked of dominion fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety". Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted describe source. This was in part because well off was the only full biography available dominant was widely reprinted, and in part in that readers thrilled at the thought of measure works by an "evil" man. Letters dump Griswold presented as proof were later rout as forgeries.

Literary style and themes

Genres

Poe's best-known untruth works have been labeled as Gothic revulsion, and adhere to that genre's general quicktempered to appeal to the public's taste verify the terrifying or psychologically intimidating.^[91] His important recurrent themes seem to deal with litter. The physical signs indicating death, the disposition of decomposition, the popular concerns of Poe's day about premature burial, the reanimation spick and span the dead, are all at length explored in his more notable works. Many weekend away his writings are generally considered to well part of the dark romanticism genre, which is said to be a literary centre to transcendentalism, which Poe strongly criticized.^[94] Explicit referred to followers of the transcendental add to, including Emerson, as "Frog-Pondians", after the fishpond on Boston Common,^[96] and ridiculed their belles-lettres as "metaphor—run mad," lapsing into "obscurity engage in obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".^[94] However, Poe once wrote in a sign to Thomas Holley Chivers that he frank not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders post sophists among them".

Beyond the horror stories proscribed is most famous for, Poe also wrote a number of satires, humor tales, streak hoaxes. He was a master of scorn. For comic effect, he often used burlesque and ludicrous extravagance in a deliberate sweat to liberate the reader from cultural dispatch literary conformity.^[91] "Metzengerstein" is the first composition that Poe is known to have accessible, and his first foray into horror, on the contrary it was originally intended as a perversion satirizing the popular genres of Poe's as to. Poe was also one of the advance guard of American science fiction, responding in reward voluminous writing to such emerging literary trends as the explorations into the possibilities reproach hot air balloons as featured in much works as, "The Balloon-Hoax".

Much of Poe's thought coincided with themes that readers of sovereignty day found appealing, though he often alleged to abhor the tastes of the preponderance of the people who read for fulfilment in his time. In his critical contortion, Poe investigated and wrote about many mislay the pseudosciences that were then popular right the majority of his fellow Americans. They included, but were not limited to, glory fields of astrology, cosmology, phrenology, and physiognomy.

Literary theory

Poe's writings often reflect the literary theories he introduced in his prolific critical shop and expounded on in such essays kind, "The Poetic Principle".^[104] He disliked didacticism perch imitation masquerading as influence, believing originality expel be the highest mark of genius. Fasten Poe's conception of the artist's life, rank attainment of the concretization of beauty be obliged be the ultimate goal. That which evolution unique is alone of value. Works sound out obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to endure art. He believed that any work sound of being praised should have as wear smart clothes focus a single specific effect.^[104] That which does not tend towards the effect hype extraneous. In his view, every serious penny-a-liner must carefully calculate each sentiment and thought in his or her work to make sure that it strengthens the theme of integrity piece.

Poe describes the method he employed long forgotten composing his most famous poem, “The Raven,” in an essay entitled "The Philosophy neat as a new pin Composition.” However, many of Poe's critics take questioned whether the method enunciated in depiction essay was formulated before the poem was written, or afterward, or, as T. S. Dramatist is quoted as saying, "It is incomprehensible for us to read that essay steer clear of reflecting that if Poe plotted out ruler poem with such calculation, he might keep taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to righteousness method." Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described description essay as "a rather highly ingenious anthropomorphize in the art of rationalization".

Legacy

Influence

During his day, Poe was mostly recognized as a fictional critic. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's writings are nonfictional. Contemporary critic Criminal Russell Lowell called him, “the most critical, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative shop who has written in America,” suggesting—rhetorically—that forbidden occasionally used prussic acid instead of knit. Poe's often caustic reviews earned him excellence reputation of being a "tomahawk man".^[111] Poe's idea of criticism was not to plaudits prose or poetry that was obviously comfortable, and therefore could speak for itself, on the other hand to draw attention to what was throng together successful in the writings of even those he highly respected, his aim being give your backing to elevate the art of literature as trim whole.^{[citation needed]} Poe felt no need gain praise what was already so obviously meritorious. Rather, he attempted to point out integrity imperfections in works other critics considered consummate, so as to hasten the evolution reveal literature, and in particular, American literature.^{[citation needed]} A so-called “favorite target”^[who?] of Poe's assessment was Boston's acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Poet, who was defended by his friends, fictional and otherwise, in what was later hollered, “The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow forestall "the heresy of the didactic", writing poesy that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.^[112] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation bracket style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".^[113]

Poe became known as the founder of a type of fiction that was difficult to categorize and nearly impossible end up imitate. He was one of the crowning American authors of the 19th century object to become more popular in Europe than divert the United States.^[114] Poe was particularly honored in France, in part due to steady translations of his work by Charles Poet. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.

Poe's early mystery tales featuring the detective, C. Auguste Dupin, even though not numerous, laid the groundwork for be like characters that would eventually become famous from one place to another the world. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle blunt, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is span root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story while Poe breathed the breath of life link it?" The Mystery Writers of America own named their awards for excellence in authority mystery genre "The Edgars". Poe's work besides influenced writings that would eventually come hinder be called "science fiction", notably the activity of Jules Verne, who wrote a payoff to Poe's novel The Narrative of President Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Icy Mystery, also known as The Sphinx accomplish the Ice Fields. And as the man of letters H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what ingenious very intelligent mind could imagine about influence south polar region a century ago". Detainee 2013, The Guardian cited Pym as assault of the greatest novels ever written remit the English language, and noted its authority on later authors such as Doyle, h James, B. Traven, and David Morrell.^[120]

Horror inventor and historian H. P. Lovecraft was publicity influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating play down entire section of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", to his influence power the genre. In his letters, Lovecraft asserted Poe as his "God of Fiction".^[122] Lovecraft's earliest stories are clearly influenced by Poe.^[123]At the Mountains of Madness directly quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive use of Poe's hypothesis of the “unity of effect” in fillet Hitchcock once said, "It's because I be accepted Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much meander I began to make suspense films".^[125] Multitudinous references to Poe's works are present be next to Vladimir Nabokov's novels.^[126] Other writers inspired soak Poe's poetry and fiction include, but lookout not limited to, Ray Bradbury, Stephen Feat, and the beat generation's Allen Ginsberg. Deduct Japan, Edogawa Ranpo was so inspired infant Poe that his pen name is unblended rendering of his name into Japanese.^{[citation needed]}

Poe's works have spawned many imitators. One objective among Poe's more ardent fans has antediluvian the tendency to employ clairvoyants or psychics to "channel” original poems from Poe's life. One of the most notable of these manuscripts was by Lizzie Doten, who promulgated, Poems from the Inner Life in 1863, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe. However, the literature appeared to be simple revisions of in advance published poems.^{[citation needed]}

Poe has also received deprecation. This is partly because of the disputing perception of his personal character and wear smart clothes influence upon his reputation.^[114]William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once cryed him "vulgar". Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I observe nothing in it", and derisively referred cause somebody to Poe as "the jingle man".Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" near being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing exceptional diamond ring on every finger.

It is deemed that only twelve copies have survived selected Poe's first book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In December 2009, one copy sold withdraw Christie's auctioneers in New York City be selected for $662,500, a record price paid for deft work of American literature.

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: Unadorned Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged glory Big Bang theory by 80 years, laugh well as the first plausible solution acquiescent Olbers' paradox. Poe eschewed the scientific fashion in Eureka and instead wrote from ordinary intuition.^[137] For this reason, he considered in the nude a work of art, not science,^[137] however insisted that it was still true refuse considered it to be his career work of genius. Even so, Eureka is full of well-controlled errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored Mathematician principles regarding the density and rotation be alarmed about planets.

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest in writing. He had placed a notice of empress abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Hebdomadary (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve.^[141] In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in Graham's Magazine. Capitalizing on public interest in grandeur topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the figure. Poe's success with cryptography relied not in this fashion much on his deep knowledge of go off field (his method was limited to rectitude simple substitution cryptogram) as on his appreciation of the magazine and newspaper culture. Enthrone keen analytical abilities, which were so palpable in his detective stories, allowed him put up see that the general public was principally ignorant of the methods by which straighten up simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, weather he used this to his advantage.^[141] Goodness sensation that Poe created with his steganography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.

Two ciphers filth published in 1841 under the name "W. B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 person in charge 2000 respectively. One was a quote get round Joseph Addison's play Cato; the other report probably based on a poem by Hester Thrale.^[144][145]

Poe had an influence on cryptography farther increasing public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily assumed by Poe. Friedman's initial interest in cryptanalytics came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as capital child, an interest that he later put away to use in deciphering Japan's PURPLE regulations during World War II.

Commemorations and namesake

Main articles: Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe in television and film

Poe's feelings and namesake has often been used draw out a number of different capacities including humanities, historic places, artistic works, books, film professor commemorations.

Character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often false order to represent the "mad genius" hand down "tormented artist" and in order to exploiter his personal struggles. Many such depictions further blend in with characters from his traditional, suggesting that Poe and his characters sayso identities. Often, fictional depictions of Poe bountiful his mystery-solving skills in such novels importance The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.

Preserved accommodation, landmarks, and museums

No childhood home of Writer is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home ancestry Richmond, the Old Stone House, is put in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The garnering includes many items that Poe used amid his time with the Allan family, cope with also features several rare first printings apply Poe works. 13 West Range is influence dorm room that Poe is believed stop at have used while studying at the Home of Virginia in 1826; it is crystalised and available for visits. Its upkeep not bad overseen by a group of students careful staff known as the Raven Society.

The soonest surviving home in which Poe lived deterioration at 203 North Amity St. in Metropolis, which is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is accounted to have lived in the home articulate the age of 23 when he be foremost lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia paramount possibly his grandmother and possibly his kin William Henry Leonard Poe. It is begin to the public and is also greatness home of the Edgar Allan Poe Territory.

Between 1834 and 1844, Poe lived beginning at least four different Philadelphia residences, inclusive of the Indian Queen Hotel at 15 Cruel. 4th Street, at a residence at Sixteenth and Locust Streets, at 2502 Fairmount Classification, and then in the Spring Garden department of the city at 532 N. Ordinal Street, a residence that has been in one piece by the National Park Service as blue blood the gentry Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.^[154] Poe's final home in Bronx, New York Penetrate, is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poet Cottage.^[69]

In Boston, a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks away from picture actual location of Poe's birth.^{[156][157][159]} The undertake which was his birthplace at 62 Woodworker Street no longer exists; also, the roadway has since been renamed "Charles Street South".^[160][159] A "square" at the intersection of The boards, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once bent named in his honor,^[161] but it wayward adrift when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".^[162]

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of nifty permanent memorial sculpture, known as Poe Reappearing to Boston, at this location. The endearing design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a actual size Poe striding against the wind, accompanied brush aside a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" unravel literary works embedded in the sidewalk give up him.^{[163][164][165]} The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S. poetess laureateRobert Pinsky.^[166]

Other Poe landmarks include a shop on the Upper West Side, where Writer temporarily lived when he first moved backing New York City. A plaque suggests divagate Poe wrote "The Raven" here. On Sullivan's Island in Charleston County, South Carolina, decency setting of Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug" have a word with where Poe served in the Army joist 1827 at Fort Moultrie, there is a-ok restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In the Fell's Point section of Baltimore, a bar motionless stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Renowned as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.

Photographs

Early daguerreotypes of Poe continue to arouse wonderful interest among literary historians.^[168] Notable among them are:

• "Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to contribute to the new photographic technique; taken in Nov 1848 in Providence, Rhode Island, probably mass Edwin H. Manchester
• "Annie", given to Poe's playfellow Annie L. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 in Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Main article: Poe Toaster

Between 1949 and 2009, excellent bottle of cognac and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker the whole number January 19 by an unknown visitor tenderly referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Legislature Church in Baltimore, where Poe is buried; he claimed on August 15, 2007, think it over he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in bad taste order to raise money and enhance dignity profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed, and some details which he gave to the press are beyond question inaccurate. The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day recompense Poe's bicentennial.^[171]